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❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:
- CESGRANRIO-2009-BANCO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO ECONÔMICO E SOCIAL–PROFISSIONAL BÁSICO-21/11/2009.
❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:
- 10 MCQs (Multiple Choice Question) / 5 Options Each Question.
- Texto – | An emotional response | www.economist.com |
❑ PROVA:
❑ TRADUÇÃO DO TEXTO:
The difference between saying what you mean and meaning what you say is obvious to most people.
A diferença entre dizer o que se quer dizer e querer dizer o que se diz é óbvia para a maioria das pessoas
To computers, however, it is trickier.
Para os computadores, no entanto, é mais complicado.
Yet getting them to assess intelligently what people mean from what they say would be useful to companies seeking to identify unhappy customers and intelligence agencies seeking to identify dangerous individuals from comments they post online.
No entanto, fazê-los avaliar de forma inteligente o que as pessoas querem dizer com base no que dizem seria útil para as empresas que procuram identificar clientes insatisfeitos e para as agências de inteligência que procuram identificar indivíduos perigosos a partir de comentários que publicam online.
Computers are often inept at understanding the meaning of a word because that meaning depends on the context in which the word is used.
Computers are often inept at understanding the meaning of a word because that meaning depends on the context in which the word is used.
Os computadores são muitas vezes incapazes de compreender o significado de uma palavra porque esse significado depende do contexto em que a palavra é utilizada.
For example, “killing” is bad and “bacteria” are bad but “killing bacteria” is often good (unless, that is, someone is talking about the healthy bacteria present in live yogurt, in which case, it would be bad).
Por exemplo, “matar” é mau e “bactérias” são más, mas “matar bactérias” é geralmente bom (a menos que alguém esteja falando das bactérias saudáveis presentes no iogurte vivo; nesse caso, seria mau).
An attempt to enable computers to assess the emotional meaning of text is being led by Stephen Pulman of the University of Oxford and Karo Moilanen, one of his doctoral students.
An attempt to enable computers to assess the emotional meaning of text is being led by Stephen Pulman of the University of Oxford and Karo Moilanen, one of his doctoral students.
Uma tentativa de permitir que os computadores avaliem o significado emocional do texto está a ser liderada por Stephen Pulman, da Universidade de Oxford, e Karo Moilanen, um dos seus alunos de doutoramento.
It uses so-called “sentiment analysis” software to assess text.
Utiliza o chamado software de “análise de sentimento” para avaliar o texto.
The pair have developed a classification system that analyses the grammatical structure of a piece of text and assigns emotional labels to the words it contains, by looking them up in a 57,000word “sentiment lexicon” compiled by people.
A dupla desenvolveu um sistema de classificação que analisa a estrutura gramatical de um excerto de texto e atribui rótulos emocionais às palavras que este contém, pesquisando-as num “léxico de sentimentos” de 57 mil palavras compilado por pessoas.
These labels can be positive, negative or neutral.
Estes rótulos podem ser positivos, negativos ou neutros.
Words such as “never”, “failed” and “prevent” are tagged as “changing” or “reversive” words because they reverse the sentiment of the word they precede.
Palavras como “nunca”, “falhou” e “prevenir” são marcadas como palavras “mudanças” ou “reversivas” porque invertem o sentimento da palavra que precedem.
The analysis is then broken into steps that progressively take into account larger and larger grammatical chunks, updating the sentiment score of each entity as it goes.
The analysis is then broken into steps that progressively take into account larger and larger grammatical chunks, updating the sentiment score of each entity as it goes.
A análise é depois dividida em etapas que têm progressivamente em conta pedaços gramaticais cada vez maiores, atualizando a pontuação de sentimento de cada entidade à medida que avança.
The grammatical rules determine the effect of one chunk of text on another.
As regras gramaticais determinam o efeito de um pedaço de texto sobre outro.
The simplest rule is that positive and negative sentiments both overwhelm neutral ones.
A regra mais simples é que os sentimentos positivos e negativos se sobrepõem aos neutros.
More complex syntactic rules govern seemingly conflicting cases such as “holiday hell” or “abuse helpline” that make sense to people but can confuse computers.
Regras sintáticas mais complexas regem casos aparentemente conflituosos, como o “inferno das férias” ou a “linha de apoio ao abuso”, que fazem sentido para as pessoas, mas podem confundir os computadores.
By applying and analysing emotional labels, the software can construct sentiment scores for the concepts mentioned in the text, as a combination of positive, negative and neutral results.
Ao aplicar e analisar rótulos emocionais, o software pode construir pontuações de sentimento para os conceitos mencionados no texto, como uma combinação de resultados positivos, negativos e neutros.
For example, in the sentence, “The region’s largest economies were still mired in recession,” the parsing software finds four of the words in the sentiment lexicon: largest (positive, neutral or negative); economies (positive or neutral); mired (negative); and recession (negative).
Por exemplo, na frase “As maiores economias da região ainda estavam atoladas na recessão”, o software de análise encontra quatro das palavras no léxico do sentimento: maior (positivo, neutro ou negativo); economias (positivas ou neutras); atolado (negativo); e recessão (negativa).
It then analyses the sentence structure, starting with “economies” and progressing to “largest economies”,“region’s largest economies” and “the region’s largest economies”.
Em seguida, analisa a estrutura frásica, começando por “economias” e progredindo para “maiores economias”, “maiores economias da região” e “as maiores economias da região”.
At each stage, it computes the changing sentiment of the sentence.
Em cada fase, calcula a mudança de sentimento da frase.
It then does the same for the second half of the sentence.
Em seguida, faz o mesmo para a segunda metade da frase.
Instead of simply adding up the number of positive and negative mentions for each concept, the software applies a weighting to each one.
Em vez de simplesmente somar o número de menções positivas e negativas de cada conceito, o software aplica uma ponderação a cada um.
For example, short pieces of text such as “region” are given less weight than longer ones such as “the region’s largest economies”.
Por exemplo, os textos curtos como “região” recebem menos peso do que os textos mais longos, como “as maiores economias da região”.
Once the parser has reassembled the original text (“the region’s largest economies were still mired in recession”) it can correctly identify the sentence as having a mainly negative meaning with respect to the concept of “economies”.
Uma vez que o analisador tenha remontado o texto original (“as maiores economias da região ainda estavam atoladas na recessão”), pode identificar corretamente a frase como tendo um significado principalmente negativo no que diz respeito ao conceito de “economias”.
As well as companies seeking to better understand their customer, intelligence agencies are also becoming interested in the sentiment analysis.
As well as companies seeking to better understand their customer, intelligence agencies are also becoming interested in the sentiment analysis.
Tal como as empresas que procuram compreender melhor os seus clientes, também as agências de inteligência estão interessando-se pela análise de sentimentos.
But the software can only supplement human judgment - because people don’t always mean what they say.
Mas o software só pode complementar o julgamento humano – porque as pessoas nem sempre são sinceras naquilo que dizem.
- Oct 6th 2009 from Economist.com http://www.economist.com/sciencetechnology/tm/ displayStory.cfm?story_id=14582575&source=hptextfeature
21 – (CESGRANRIO-2009-BNDES–PROFISSIONAL BÁSICO) The best title for this text is
(A) Killing Bacteria Can Be Bad.
(B) The Wrong Emotional Response.
(C) Software Reveals Emotions in Text.
(D) Computerized Emotional Analysis Fails.
(E) New Computer Software Frauds Text Analysis.
(B) The Wrong Emotional Response.
(C) Software Reveals Emotions in Text.
(D) Computerized Emotional Analysis Fails.
(E) New Computer Software Frauds Text Analysis.
Comentários e Gabarito C
O melhor título para este texto é ...
*Item (A) ERRADO: Matar Bactérias pode ser ruim.
*Item (B) ERRADO: A resposta emocional errada.
*Item (C) CERTO: Software revela emoções no texto.
*Item (D) ERRADO: Análise emocional computadorizada falha.
*Item (D) ERRADO: Novo software de Computador frauda análise de texto.
22 – (CESGRANRIO-2009-BNDES–PROFISSIONAL BÁSICO) According to the text, the software developed by Pulman and Moilanen
(A) should be widely tested before being commercially used.
(B) is now able to precisely interpret what people mean from what they say.
(C) might be considered risky if used to analyse dangerous individuals.
(D) can classify all English words into grammatical categories.
(E) can be particularly relevant for companies and intelligence agencies.
Comentários e Gabarito E
According to the text, the software developed by Pulman and Moilanen
De acordo com o texto, o software desenvolvido por Pulman e Moilanen
(A) should be widely tested before being commercially used.
(A) should be widely tested before being commercially used.
deve ser amplamente testado antes de ser comercialmente utilizado.
(B) is now able to precisely interpret what people mean from what they say.
(B) is now able to precisely interpret what people mean from what they say.
agora é capaz de interpretar com precisão o que as pessoas querem dizer do que dizem.
(C) might be considered risky if used to analyse dangerous individuals.
(C) might be considered risky if used to analyse dangerous individuals.
pode ser considerado arriscado se usado para analisar indivíduos perigosos.
(D) can classify all English words into grammatical categories.
(D) can classify all English words into grammatical categories.
pode classificar todas as palavras inglesas em categorias gramaticais.
(E) can be particularly relevant for companies and intelligence agencies.
pode ser particularmente relevante para empresas e agências de inteligência.(E) can be particularly relevant for companies and intelligence agencies.
>> TRECHO QUE JUSTIFICA A RESPOSTA:
- "[...] As well as companies seeking to better understand their customer, intelligence agencies are also becoming interested in the sentiment analysis."
- Tal como as empresas que procuram compreender melhor os seus clientes, também as agências de inteligência estão interessando-se pela análise de sentimentos.
23 – (CESGRANRIO-2009-BNDES–PROFISSIONAL BÁSICO) Which of the following statements is NOT true about how the software processes emotional analysis?
(A) Words receive positive, negative or neutral labels.
(B) Words with reversed sentiments are excluded.
(C) The words are always seen in context.
(D) The grammatical structure of each segment is analysed.
(E) A list of nearly sixty thousand words is consulted.
Comentários e Gabarito B
Which of the following statements is NOT true about how the software processes emotional analysis?
Qual das seguintes afirmações NÃO é verdadeira sobre como o software processa a análise emocional?
(A) Words receive positive, negative or neutral labels.
(A) Words receive positive, negative or neutral labels.
As palavras recebem etiquetas positivas, negativas ou neutras.
(B) Words with reversed sentimentsare excluded.
(B) Words with reversed sentiments
As palavras com sentimentos invertidos são excluídas.
(C) The words are always seen in context.
(C) The words are always seen in context.
As palavras são sempre vistas em contexto.
(D) The grammatical structure of each segment is analysed.
(D) The grammatical structure of each segment is analysed.
A estrutura gramatical de cada segmento é analisada.
(E) A list of nearly sixty thousand words is consulted.
Uma lista de quase sessenta mil palavras é consultada.(E) A list of nearly sixty thousand words is consulted.
24 – (CESGRANRIO-2009-BNDES–PROFISSIONAL BÁSICO)
- “holiday hell” and “abuse helpline” (lines 36-37)
(A) readily identify the clear meaning of such phrases.
(B) easily deduce the writer’s primary negative feelings.
(C) doubt people’s capacity of expressing their feelings intelligently.
(D) have difficulty in understanding the writer’s original emotional meaning.
(E) be able to immediately interpret the text’s underlying sarcastic intentions.
Comentários e Gabarito D
- “holiday hell” and “abuse helpline” (lines 36-37)
- “inferno de férias” e “linha de apoio ao abuso”
são citados no texto para ilustrar casos em que os computadores
(A)readily identify the clear meaning of such phrases.
(A)
identificarão prontamente o significado claro de tais frases.
(B)easily deduce the writer’s primary negative feelings.
(B)
deduzir facilmente os sentimentos negativos primários do escritor.
(C)doubt people’s capacity of expressing their feelings intelligently.
(C)
duvidar da capacidade das pessoas para expressarem os seus sentimentos de forma inteligente.
(D) have difficulty in understanding the writer’s original emotional meaning.
(D) have difficulty in understanding the writer’s original emotional meaning.
têm dificuldade em compreender o significado emocional original do escritor.
(E) be able to immediately interpret the text’s underlying sarcastic intentions.
ser capaz de interpretar de imediato as intenções sarcásticas subjacentes ao texto.
>> TRECHO QUE JUSTIFICA A RESPOSTA:
- "[...] More complex syntactic rules govern seemingly conflicting cases such as “holiday hell” or “abuse helpline” that make sense to people but can confuse computers."
- Regras sintáticas mais complexas regem casos aparentemente conflituosos, como o “inferno das férias” ou a “linha de apoio ao abuso”, que fazem sentido para as pessoas, mas podem confundir os computadores.
25 – (CESGRANRIO-2009-BNDES–PROFISSIONAL BÁSICO) Check the option that contains a correct correspondence of meaning.
(A) “...seeking...” (line 5) and ‘refusing’ have similar meanings.
(B) “...inept...” (line 9) and ‘skillful’ express contrastive ideas.
(C) “...assigns...” (line 22) could not be replaced by ‘attributes’.
(D) “...tagged...” (line 26) and ‘labelled’ are antonymous.
(E) “...reassembled...” (line 59) and ‘split up’ are synonymous.
Comentários e Gabarito B
Check the option that contains a correct correspondence of meaning.
(A) “...seeking...” (line 5) and ‘refusing’ have similar meanings.
(B) “...inept...” (line 9) and ‘skillful’ express contrastive ideas.
(C) “...assigns...” (line 22) could not be replaced by ‘attributes’.
(D) “...tagged...” (line 26) and ‘labelled’ are antonymous.
(E) “...reassembled...” (line 59) and ‘split up’ are synonymous.
(B) “...inept...” (line 9) and ‘skillful’ express contrastive ideas.
(C) “...assigns...” (line 22) could not be replaced by ‘attributes’.
(D) “...tagged...” (line 26) and ‘labelled’ are antonymous.
(E) “...reassembled...” (line 59) and ‘split up’ are synonymous.
26 – (CESGRANRIO-2009-BNDES–PROFISSIONAL BÁSICO) Mark the alternative that contains an expression that is a correct replacement for the boldfaced item(s).
(A) “Yet getting them to assess intelligently what people mean from what they say…” (lines 3-5) – For that reason
(B) “(unless, that is, someone is talking about the healthy bacteria …)” (lines 13-14) – nevertheless
(C) “Words such as ‘never’, ‘failed’, and ‘prevent’ are tagged as ‘changing’ or ‘reversive’ words…” (lines 25-27) – Inasmuch as
(D) “...because they reverse the sentiment of the word they precede.” (lines 27-28) – Since
(E) “Instead of simply adding up the number of positive and negative mentions for each concept,” (lines 54-55) – While
Comentários e Gabarito D
Mark the alternative that contains an expression that is a correct replacement for the boldfaced item(s).
(A) “Yet getting them to assess intelligently what people mean from what they say…” (lines 3-5) – For that reason
(B) “(unless, that is, someone is talking about the healthy bacteria …)” (lines 13-14) – nevertheless
(C) “Words such as ‘never’, ‘failed’, and ‘prevent’ are tagged as ‘changing’ or ‘reversive’ words…” (lines 25-27) – Inasmuch as
(D) “...because they reverse the sentiment of the word they precede.” (lines 27-28) – Since
(E) “Instead of simply adding up the number of positive and negative mentions for each concept,” (lines 54-55) – While
27 – (CESGRANRIO-2009-BNDES–PROFISSIONAL BÁSICO) The only fragment in which ‘it’ refers to “software” is
(A) “To computers, however, it is trickier.” (lines 2-3)
(B) “it would be bad.” (line 15)
(C) “It uses so-called ‘sentiment analysis’ software to assess text.” (lines 19-20)
(D) “…assigns emotional labels to the words it contains,” (lines 22-23).
(E) “At each stage, it computes the changing sentiment of the sentence.” (lines 51-52)
Comentários e Gabarito E
The only fragment in which ‘it’ refers to “software” is
(A) “To computers, however, it is trickier.” (lines 2-3)
(B) “it would be bad.” (line 15)
(C) “It uses so-called ‘sentiment analysis’ software to assess text.” (lines 19-20)
(D) “…assigns emotional labels to the words it contains,” (lines 22-23).
(E) “At each stage, it computes the changing sentiment of the sentence.” (lines 51-52)
28 – (CESGRANRIO-2009-BNDES–PROFISSIONAL BÁSICO) In the example given in paragraphs 5 and 6 (lines 39-63), the author explains that the
(A) emotional meanings are attributed to words in isolation and not to the sentence structure.
(B) emotional scores of each word may change according to the topic discussed in the text.
(C) length of segments and emotional tags of each word are considered in scoring emotional concepts.
(D) word ‘recession’ is not analyzed because it is hard to identify its emotional meaning.
(E) mere arithmetic sum of the scores indicated for each word will reveal the emotional content of the text analysed.
(E) mere arithmetic sum of the scores indicated for each word will reveal the emotional content of the text analysed.
Comentários e Gabarito C
In the example given in paragraphs 5 and 6 (lines 39-63), the author explains that the
No exemplo dado nos parágrafos 5 e 6 (linhas 39-63), o autor explica que os
(A) emotional meanings are attributed to words in isolation and not to the sentence structure.
(A) emotional meanings are attributed to words in isolation and not to the sentence structure.
significados emocionais são atribuídos às palavras isoladamente e não à estrutura da sentença.
(B) emotional scores of each word may change according to the topic discussed in the text.
(B) emotional scores of each word may change according to the topic discussed in the text.
os escores emocionais de cada palavra podem sofrer alterações de acordo com o tema abordado no texto.
(C) length of segments and emotional tags of each word are considered in scoring emotional concepts.
(C) length of segments and emotional tags of each word are considered in scoring emotional concepts.
o comprimento dos segmentos e as etiquetas emocionais de cada palavra são considerados na pontuação dos conceitos emocionais.
(D) word ‘recession’ is not analyzed because it is hard to identify its emotional meaning.
a palavra ‘recessão’ não é analisada porque é difícil identificar o seu significado emocional.
(E) mere arithmetic sum of the scores indicated for each word will reveal the emotional content of the text analysed.
(E) mere arithmetic sum of the scores indicated for each word will reveal the emotional content of the text analysed.
a mera soma aritmética das pontuações indicadas para cada palavra revelará o conteúdo emocional do texto analisado.
29 – (CESGRANRIO-2009-BNDES–PROFISSIONAL BÁSICO) Check the alternative in which the expression is precisely explained, according to its meaning in the text.
(A) “...‘killing’ (...) ‘bacteria’...” (line 12) – bacteria that can kill
(B) “...the emotional meaning of text...” (lines 16-17) – the meaning of a sentimental text
(C) “...complex syntactic rules...” (line 35) – difficult language regulations
(D) “...seemingly conflicting cases...” (line 36) – cases that are apparently doubtful
(E) “...(‘the region’s largest economies...’ ” (line 60) – economies of highly populated regions
Comentários e Gabarito D
*
*Item (A) ERRADO:.
*Item (B) ERRADO:.
*Item (C) ERRADO:.
*Item (D) CERTO:.
*Item (D) ERRADO:.
30 – (CESGRANRIO-2009-BNDES–PROFISSIONAL BÁSICO) From the fragment
- “But the software can only supplement human judgement - because people don’t always mean what they say.” (lines 66-68),
we may infer that the author
(A) does not believe the software can be totally trusted.
(B) complains that human judgement is never fair enough.
(C) pressuposes that computer sentiment analysis is fully reliable.
(D) rejects human analysis of feelings and supports technological sentiment analysis.
(E) criticizes companies that intend to use the new software to analyse potentially dangerous clients.
Comentários e Gabarito A
From the fragment
- “But the software can only supplement human judgement - because people don’t always mean what they say.” (lines 66-68),
- “Mas o software só pode complementar o juízo humano - porque as pessoas nem sempre são sinceras naquilo que dizem”.
we may infer that the author
podemos inferir que o autor
(A) does not believe the software can be totally trusted.
(A) does not believe the software can be totally trusted.
não acredita que o software seja totalmente confiável.
(B) complains that human judgement is never fair enough.
(B) complains that human judgement is never fair enough.
queixa-se de que o julgamento humano nunca é suficientemente justo.
(C) pressuposes that computer sentiment analysis is fully reliable.
(C) pressuposes that computer sentiment analysis is fully reliable.
pressupõe que a análise dos sentimentos por computador é totalmente confiável.
(D) rejects human analysis of feelings and supports technological sentiment analysis.
(D) rejects human analysis of feelings and supports technological sentiment analysis.
rejeita a análise humana dos sentimentos e apoia a análise tecnológica dos sentimentos.
(E) criticizes companies that intend to use the new software to analyse potentially dangerous clients.
(E) criticizes companies that intend to use the new software to analyse potentially dangerous clients.
critica as empresas que pretendem utilizar o novo software para analisar clientes potencialmente perigosos.