PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES (I) - Locuções Prepositivas.

>> PREPOSITIONS:

Give information about time, space, direction or location.

Can change the meaning of a verb.(Phrasal Verbs)

A preposition has a "partner". This "partner" is a noun or pronoun after the preposition.

We call this "partner" an object of the preposition.

• We went on Thursday.
• Nós fomos na quinta.)
• The girl in the park are playing.
• A garota no parque está brincando.

>> "PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES" (PPs):

Prepositional phrases are word chunks that begin with a preposition.

• We went on Thursday.
• Nós fomos na quinta.)
• The girl in the park are playing.
• A garota no parque está brincando.

>> ESTRUTURA = Preposition + Noun / Pronoun

As PREPOSITIONS podem ser "time", "place", "direction" and "other".

>> TIME:

• in the morning
• in the past
• in the Middle Ages
• during the day
• at the weekend
• at noon
• at midday
• at midnight
• at Christmas
• at Easter
• at 7pm
• at the end of the month
• at the end of the class
• at the beginning of March
• at the beginning the song
• until tomorrow
• since July
• for two years, etc. 

>> PLACE:

• across the street
• above the window
• by the window
• behind the door
• below the clouds
• inside the box
• out of the room
• on the table
• near school
• near a big market
• next to me
• on a farm
• on an island
• on the coast, etc.

• DIRECTION (c/ movimento):

• towards the sun
• away from here,
• into the pool
• through the window
• through the city center
• in the street
• in the mirror.

• OTHER INFORMATION:

• despite the problems
• in the spite of the problems
• due to sickness
• because of me
• except for you
• along with others
• with my family, etc.

>> TYPES OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES(PPs):

• ADJETIVE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES.
• ADVERB PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES.

>> ADJECTIVE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES(AdjPPs): descreve um substantivo ou descreve um pronome:

• The dogs in the park run.("in the park" descreve o substantivo "dogs")
• Os cães correm no parque.
• Some of the food is delicious.(of the food descreve o pronome some)

>> ADVERB PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES(AdvPPs):

• Estrutura Gramatical: verb/adjective/adverb + PP.
• We ate before school.(of the food modifica o verbo ate)
• She is tall for her age.(for her age descreve o adjetivo tall)
• Students study late at night.(at night descreve o advérbio  late)

➧ Examples:

• The birds fly in the sky.(AdvPP)(descreve o verbo fly, nos diz que os pássaros voam)

• The birds in the sky fly.(AdjPP)(descreve o substantivo birds, nos diz onde os pássaros estão)

• We play soccer after all classes and our exams.(AdvPP)(descreve o verbo play)

• The students without umbrellas stood outside.(Os alunos sem guarda-chuvas ficaram do lado de fora.)(AdjPP)

• During lunch, we ate bread and butter.(Durante o almoço, comemos feijão com arroz.)(AdvPP)

• Before they called you, they drove to the store by the park.(Antes de ligar para você, eles dirigiram até a loja perto do parque.)(AdvPP)(AdjPP)(02 prepositional phrases)

• We have played basketball since 4pm.(AdvPP)(Jogamos basquete desde as 16h.)

• Right now, let's eat toast with jelly.(AdjPP)(Agora vamos comer torrada com geleia)

• Last week, the exam took over two hours to finish.(AdvPP)(Na semana passada, o exame demorou mais de duas horas para ser concluído.)

• Many students travel around the world to learn languages.(AdvPP)(Muitos alunos viajam ao redor do mundo para aprender idiomas.)

• Since they arrived, they have stayed inside their home each day.(AdvPP)(Desde que chegaram, eles têm estado dentro de casa todos os dias.)

• Daniel blew the horn with the strengthy of a giant.

• PP1(as Adverv): with the strengthy. (descreve o verbo blew)

• PP2(as Adjective): of a giant.(descreve o substantivo strengthy)

• I would enjoy exploring the cathedral of glass.(AdjPP)("of glass" modifica o substantivo cathedral, ou seja, it is behaving like an adjective)(Eu gostaria de explorar a catedral de vidro.)

➧ REGRAS IMPORTANTES SOBRE PREPOSITIONS:

• RULE 1: Use Object Pronouns after a preposition.(NOT Subject Pronouns).

• Object Pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them.(an object pronoun RECEIVES the action)

• Subject Pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, you they.(a subject pronoun DOES the action)

• John throws the ball to her and me.
• John joga a bola para ela e para mim.
• Send an email to Rachel and me.
• Envie um e-mail para Rachel e para mim.
• In class, they and we spoke.
• Na aula, eles e nós conversamos.
• Everyone spoke except them and us.
• Todos falaram, exceto eles e nós.

• RULE 2:

Use a COMMA after a prepositional phrase that begins a sentence.

However, do NOT use commas with prepositional phrases in the middle or end of a sentence.

• • At the beach, we relaxed.(use a comma)
• Na praia, relaxamos.
• • We relaxed at the beach.(do not use a comma)
• Nós relaxamos na praia.
• • In the ocean, I see a shark.(comma needed)
• No oceano, vejo um tubarão.
• • Many birds fly in the sky.(no comma needed)
• Muitos pássaros voam no céu.
• • Around the beach, you find shells.(comma needed)
• Na praia, você encontra conchas.

• RULE 3:

Avoid misplaced prepositional phrases.

• We learned about the spiders in our classroom.(Aprendemos sobre as aranhas em nossa sala de aula.)(misplaced prepositional phrases)(passa ideia que na sala de aula há aranhas)

• In our classroom, we learned about the spiders.(Em nossa sala de aula, aprendemos sobre as aranhas.)

• We heard about the tornado in McDonalds.(misplaced prepositional phrases)

• In McDonalds, we heard about the tornado.

• For my friends, get an apple in the refrigerator. 

• Get an apple for my friends in the refrigerator.(misplaced prepositional phrases)

• The teacher told us on Friday we have a test.(misplaced prepositional phrases)

• The teacher told us we have a test on Friday.

• RULE 4: 

Do NOT use unneeded prepositions at the end of a sentence.

• • Where are we going to? (unneeded preposition)
• • Where are we going?(Para onde estamos indo?)
• • Where are we going there for?(unneeded preposition)
• • Where are we going there?(Para onde vamos?)
• • Where are you from?(needed preposition)(Removing 'from' changed the meaning or the sentence doesn't make sense)
• • I know where Anna is from?(needed preposition)(Removing 'from' changed the meaning or the sentence doesn't make sense)
• • What did he step on?(needed preposition)(Removing 'from' changed the meaning or the sentence doesn't make sense)

➧ TRICKY REPOSITION:

• Some words can be a preposition or conjunction or adverb.

• How do you know the difference?

• Look at what FOLLOWS the word.

• GRUPO 1 (but, after, as, since, before, until):

* Preposition (followed by object).

* Conjunction (followed by Subject Verb).

• Everyone wants pizza but you.(followed by object / Preposition)
• Todo mundo quer pizza, exceto você.
• Everyone wants pizza, but you want spaghetti.(followed by Subject Verb / Conjunction).
• We go to school after breakfast.(followed by object / Preposition)
• We go to school after we eat breakfast.(followed by Subject Verb / Conjunction)
• She works as a professor.(followed by object / Preposition)
• I opened my book as a professor entered the room.(followed by Subject Verb / Conjunction)

• GRUPO 2 (by, past, up, down, inside):

* Preposition (followed by object).

* Adverb (no object).

• They drove by the school.(followed by object / Preposition)(Eles passaram pela escola.)
• They just drove by.(no object / Adverb)(Eles apenas passaram.)
• They ran inside a building.(followed by object / Preposition)
• They ran inside.(no object / Adverb)

• GRUPO 3 (to):

* Preposition (followed by object).

* Infinitive (followed by Verb).

• Give the book to me.(followed by object / Preposition)(me é Object Pronoun)
• I need to read a story.(followed by Verb / Infinitive)
• They'll walk to library.(followed by object / Preposition)
• We want to go there today.(followed by Verb / Infinitive)

• GRUPO 4 (Verbs followed by ABOUT - anxious, argue, care, excited, upset, serious, sorry, worry):

• They argued about the bad service.
• (Eles discutiram sobre o mau serviço)
• We care about each other.
• (Nós nos preocupamos um com o outro.)
• Anna is excited about the road trip.
• (Anna está animada com a viagem.)
• The team is upset about losing the match.
• (A equipe está chateada por perder a partida.)
• Parents worry about their children.
• (Os pais se preocupam com seus filhos.)

• GRUPO 5 (Verbs followed by WITH - agree, angry, busy, bored, fed up, presented, pleased, satisfied):

• I agree with you on this issue.(Eu concordo com você neste assunto.)
• I don't agree with you.(Eu não concordo com você)
• I don't agree with hunting.(Não concordo com a caça.)
• The fish dinner on our flight did not agree with me.(= made me feel ill)
• All our agents are currently busy with other customers.(Todos os nossos agentes estão atualmente ocupados com outros clientes.)
• They are so busy with their work and family.(Eles estão muito ocupados com o trabalho e a família.)
• Anna busied herself with a favorite book.(Anna se ocupou com um livro favorito.)
• He was getting bored with doing the same thing every day.(Ele estava ficando entediado em fazer a mesma coisa todos os dias.)
• I'm getting very bored with this entire business.(Estou ficando muito aborrecido com todo esse negócio.)
• I’m just fed up with his excuses for not getting his work done.(Estou farto de suas desculpas por não fazer seu trabalho.)
• I'm fed up with my job.(Estou entediado com meu trabalho.)
• I'm a bit fed up with Paul at the moment.(Estou um pouco desapontado com Paul no momento.)
• The patient presented with headache and heel pain.(medicine)(=to exhibit symptoms)(O paciente apresentou-se com cefaleia e dor no calcanhar.)
• She presented with postnatal depression.(medicine)(=to exhibit symptoms)(Ela apresentou depressão pós-parto.)
• I'm really pleased with your work.(=happy or satisfied)(Estou muito satisfeito com seu trabalho.)
• She was pleased with the dress.(Ela ficou satisfeita com o vestido.)
• Simon's looking very pleased with himself today.(=happy)(Simon está parecendo muito satisfeito consigo mesmo hoje.)
• If you are satisfied with something, you are pleased with it, because it is what you wanted.(Se você está satisfeito com algo, você está satisfeito com isso, porque é o que você queria.)
• Are you satisfied with the pay structure in your company?(Você está satisfeito com a estrutura de remuneração da sua empresa?)
• The boss was satisfied with my work.(=happy)(O chefe ficou satisfeito com meu trabalho.)
• Her teachers seem satisfied with her progress.(Seus professores parecem satisfeitos com seu progresso.)
• Children at this age are satisfied with simple answers.(As crianças dessa idade ficam satisfeitas com respostas simples.)
• We are not satisfied with these results.(=disappointed)(Não estamos satisfeitos com esses resultados.)

• GRUPO 6 (followed by FOR - apologize, apply, blame, famous, long, yarn, prepare, ready, responsible, stand):

• Anna apologized for her mistake.(Anna se desculpou por seu erro.)
• I'm longing for news of her.(long for = want/desire/crave/yarn something very much)(Estou ansioso por notícias dela.)
• She was yearning for new car.(Ela ansiava por um carro novo.)
• She was so hungry for success that she'd do anything to achieve it.(hungry for = having a strong wish or desire for something)(Ela estava com tanta fome de sucesso que faria qualquer coisa para alcançá-lo.)
• Journalists were hungry for details.(Os jornalistas estavam famintos por detalhes.)
• Are you ready for this?(Você está pronto para isso?)
• Who is responsible for this?(Quem é o responsável por isso?)
• We stand for justice and equality.(Defendemos justiça e igualdade.)

• GRUPO 7 (Verbs followed by TO - apologize, apply, accustomed, addicted, attached, refer, respond, similar):

• Anna apologized to Peter for her mistake.(Anna pediu desculpas a Peter por seu erro.)
• People are addicted to YouTube.(As pessoas estão viciadas em YouTube.)
• We're accustomed to cold weather.(Estamos acostumados com o frio.)
• The note is attached to the message.(A nota é anexada à mensagem.)
• Please refer to the safety manual for more information.(Por favor, consulte o manual de segurança para obter mais informações.)

• GRUPO 8 (heard from, heard of, hear about):

* to hear from = to get information from someone.(TER NOTÍCIA DE de alguém)

* to hear of = to know about something, somewhere or someone.(OUVIR FALAR DE de alguém ou algo)

* to hear about = to be informed about something.(TER CIÊNCIA DE algo)

• I heard from David the other day. (Tive notícias de David outro dia.)(hear from/to get information from someone)
• I haven't heard from her for a while. (Faz um tempo que não tenho notícias dela.)(hear from/to get information from someone)
• I haven't heard of this singer before. Have you?(Eu não tinha ouvido falar desse cantor antes. Você ouviu?)
• Have you heard of a place called Littlehampton?(Você já ouviu falar de um lugar chamado Littlehampton?)
• Did you hear about what happened at work?(Você ouviu sobre o que aconteceu no trabalho?)
• They'll hear about it latter.(Eles saberão disso mais tarde.)

• GRUPO 9 (among vs between, among or amongst):

* We use AMONG when we refer to several things (which are grouped together).

* We use BETWEEN when we refer to 2 things.

* Among or amongst, both prepositions mean the same thing.

* Amongst is more formal.

• I sat among the students.(Sentei-me entre os alunos.)
• I sat between Anna and Rachel.(Sentei-me entre Anna e Rachel.)
• Shakespeare is amongst the best playwrights of his time.(Shakespeare está entre os melhores dramaturgos de sua época.)

• GRUPO 10 (depends on):

* Never it depends of.

* Always it depends on.

• It depends on you.
• It depends on the weather.
• It depends on the evaluation.
• It depends on the exam rate.