❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA: CESGRANRIO-2010-PETROBRAS-NÍVEL SUPERIOR (Vários Cargos).
Engineers treat velocity as a non-variable, while in fact it is the most powerful factor to save a really huge amount of energy - with just one stroke, at minimal cost, and without the need for new technology. Lower speeds combined with more energy efficient engines, better aerodynamics and lighter materials could make fuel savings even larger.
Air resistance increases with the square of speed, and therefore the power needed to push an object through air increases with the cube of the velocity. If a car cruising on the highway at 80 km/h requires 30 kilowatts to overcome air drag, that same car will require 240 kilowatts at a speed of 160 km/h. Thus, a vehicle needs 8 times the engine power to reach twice the speed. In principle, this means that fuel consumption will increase fourfold (not eightfold, because the faster vehicle exerts the power only over half the time).
Over a distance of 1,000 kilometres, the slow car would consume 375 kilowatt-hours (12.5 hours multiplied by 30 kilowatts) and the fast car would consume 1,500 kilowatt-hours (6.25 hours multiplied by 240 kilowatts).
However, this extra fuel consumption can be diminished or even negated by, most importantly, more fuel efficient engines, lighter materials and better aerodynamics. Even though today’s cars are faster than those from decades ago, they consume a similar amount of fuel. This is the reason why almost everybody is talking about energy efficiency and aerodynamics, and not about speed.
But if you lower the speed, fuel consumption is decreased by the full 75 percent. More efficient technology cannot change that – unless in a positive way. If you combine a lower speed with more fuel efficient engines and better aerodynamics, fuel savings can become much larger than 75 percent.
A decrease of 75 percent in fuel consumption is not peanuts. More than 60 percent of world oil production is used for transportation, which means that total oil production would be almost halved (-45%). In combination with more efficient engines, better aerodynamics and lighter materials a 75 percent reduction of oil production is not unrealistic.
Yet, when the International Energy Agency argues that the average car sold in 2030 would need to consume 60 percent less fuel than the average car sold in 2005, it claims: “With current technologies, only plug-in hybrids are capable of this”.
This statement is wrong. We could lower the fuel consumption of cars (and other vehicles) by at least 75 percent, we could do it today, and we can do it with present technology.
A era da
velocidade: como reduzir o consumo global de combustível em 75%
11 de
Setembro 2008
Revista
Low-tech
Quebrar recordes de velocidade foi uma ocorrência quase diária ao longo do século 20. Carros, navios, aviões e trens se tornaram cada vez mais rápidos, ano após ano. Como a potência necessária para empurrar um objeto pelo ar aumenta com o cubo de velocidade, esta corrida para velocidades cada vez mais altas aumenta o consumo de energia exponencialmente.
Os engenheiros tratam a velocidade como uma não-variável, quando, na verdade, é o fator mais poderoso para economizar uma quantidade realmente enorme de energia - com apenas uma tacada, a um custo mínimo e sem a necessidade de novas tecnologias. Velocidades menores combinadas com motores mais eficientes em termos de energia, melhor aerodinâmica e materiais mais leves poderiam tornar a economia de combustível ainda maior.
A resistência do ar aumenta com o quadrado da velocidade e, portanto, a potência necessária para empurrar um objeto através do ar aumenta com o cubo da velocidade. Se um carro trafegando na estrada a 80 km/h requer 30 quilowatts para vencer a resistência do ar, esse mesmo carro exigirá 240 quilowatts a uma velocidade de 160 km/h. Assim, um veículo precisa de 8 vezes a potência do motor para atingir o dobro da velocidade. Em princípio, isto significa que o consumo de combustível aumentará quatro vezes (não oito vezes, porque o veículo mais rápido exerce a potência apenas ao longo da metade do tempo).
Em uma distância de 1.000 quilômetros, o carro lento consumiria 375 quilowatts-hora (12,5 horas multiplicadas por 30 quilowatts) e o carro rápido consumiria 1.500 quilowatts-hora (6,25 horas multiplicadas por 240 quilowatts).
No entanto, esse consumo extra de combustível pode ser diminuído ou até mesmo anulado por, principalmente, motores mais eficientes em termos de combustível, materiais mais leves e melhor aerodinâmica. Embora os carros de hoje sejam mais rápidos do que os de décadas atrás, eles consomem uma quantidade semelhante de combustível. Esta é a razão pela qual quase toda a gente está falando de eficiência energética e aerodinâmica, e não de velocidade.
Mas se você diminuir a velocidade, o consumo de combustível é reduzido em 75%. Uma tecnologia mais eficiente não pode mudar isso – a não ser de forma positiva. Se você combinar uma velocidade mais baixa com motores mais eficientes em termos de combustível e melhor aerodinâmica, a economia de combustível pode se tornar muito maior do que 75%.
Uma diminuição de 75% no consumo de combustível não é amendoim. Mais de 60% da produção mundial de petróleo é usada para transporte, o que significa que a produção total de petróleo seria reduzida quase reduzida a metade (-45%). Em combinação com motores mais eficientes, melhor aerodinâmica e materiais mais leves, uma redução de 75% da produção de óleo não é irrealista.
No entanto, quando a Agência Internacional de Energia argumenta que o carro médio vendido em 2030 precisaria consumir 60% menos combustível do que o carro médio vendido em 2005, afirma: "Com as tecnologias atuais, apenas híbridos flex são capazes disso".
Essa afirmação está errada. Poderíamos reduzir o consumo de combustível dos carros (e outros veículos) em pelo menos 75%, poderíamos fazer isso hoje, e podemos fazer isso com a tecnologia atual.
© Kris De Decker (editado por Vincent Grosjean) http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2008/09/speed-energy.html,access em 6 de abril de 2010.
👉 Questão 31 :(A) eliminating cars and forcing people to use bikes.
(B) decreasing the average speed that cars can run.
(C) discovering alternative biotechnologies for transportation.
(D) building faster cars and stimulating the use of highspeed trains.
(E) designing faster vehicles with better aerodynamics and more air resistance.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito B
(A) eliminating cars and forcing people to use bikes.
(B) decreasing the average speed that cars can run.
(C) discovering alternative biotechnologies for transportation.
(D) building faster cars and stimulating the use of highspeed trains.
(E) designing faster vehicles with better aerodynamics and more air resistance.
👉 Questão 32 :
'It' in "... while in fact it is the most powerful factor..."(lines 8-9) refers to
(A) race (line 5)
(B) consumption (line 6)
(C) velocity (line 8)
(D) non-variable (line 8)
(E) energy (line 10)
👍 Comentários e Gabarito C
(A) race (line 5)
(B) consumption (line 6)
(C) velocity (line 8)
(D) non-variable (line 8)
(E) energy (line 10)
👉 Questão 33 :
In "Thus, a vehicle needs 8 times the engine power to..." (lines 20-21), the word thus introduces a
(A) contrast.
(B) condition.
(C) concession.
(D) comparison.
(E) consequence.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito E
(A) contrast.
(B) condition.
(C) concession.
(D) comparison.
(E) consequence.
👉 Questão 34 :
According to Paragraph 5, “…almost everybody is talking about energy efficiency and aerodynamics, and not about speed.” (lines 35-37) because
(A) the government is interested in selling more modern cars.
(B) speed was never an important factor in designing newer car engines.
(C) fast cars consume just as much fuel as slow ones.
(D) people want to reduce fuel consumption without having to give up faster speeds.
(E) people believe that producing cars from lighter materials is the only means to make energy efficient vehicles.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito D
(A) the government is interested in selling more modern cars.
(B) speed was never an important factor in designing newer car engines.
(C) fast cars consume just as much fuel as slow ones.
(D) people want to reduce fuel consumption without having to give up faster speeds.
(E) people believe that producing cars from lighter materials is the only means to make energy efficient vehicles.
👉 Questão 35 :
The fragment "A decrease of 75 percent in fuel consumption is not peanuts."(lines 44-45) means that this reduction is
(A) as small as a pea.
(B) not insignificant.
(C) not really dangerous.
(D) a simple calculation.
(E) considered unreachable.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito B
(A) as small as a pea.
(B) not insignificant.
(C) not really dangerous.
(D) a simple calculation.
(E) considered unreachable.
👉 Questão 36 :
In terms of numerical reference
(A) “…30 kilowatts…” (lines 18-19) refers to the amount of energy needed to run a car at 80 km/h.
(B) “…240 kilowatts…” (line 20) refers to the energy consumed by a car driving along a 160 km road.
(C) “…375 kilowatt-hours…” (line 26) refers to the total energy spent by any car on 12.5 hour trips.
(D) “6.25…” (line 28) refers to the number of hours needed to consume 240 kilowatts.
(E) “-45%” (line 47) refers to the reduction in oil consumed in transportation.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito A
(A) “…30 kilowatts…” (lines 18-19) refers to the amount of energy needed to run a car at 80 km/h.
(B) “…240 kilowatts…” (line 20) refers to the energy consumed by a car driving along a 160 km road.
(C) “…375 kilowatt-hours…” (line 26) refers to the total energy spent by any car on 12.5 hour trips.
(D) “6.25…” (line 28) refers to the number of hours needed to consume 240 kilowatts.
(E) “-45%” (line 47) refers to the reduction in oil consumed in transportation.
👉 Questão 37 :
The author affirms that the statement “With current technologies, only plug-in hybrids are capable of this.” (lines 54-55) is wrong because
(A) by 2030, it will be unnecessary to build cars that consume 1/3 less fuel.
(B) only the medium-sized car can be a hybrid vehicle and run on electricity and gas.
(C) there is no technology available today that will allow for a reduction in gasoline consumption.
(D) he does not believe the international energy agency has calculated the figures correctly.
(E) it is already possible to reduce the consumption of fuel in transportation nowadays.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito E
(A) by 2030, it will be unnecessary to build cars that consume 1/3 less fuel.
(B) only the medium-sized car can be a hybrid vehicle and run on electricity and gas.
(C) there is no technology available today that will allow for a reduction in gasoline consumption.
(D) he does not believe the international energy agency has calculated the figures correctly.
(E) it is already possible to reduce the consumption of fuel in transportation nowadays.
👉 Questão 38 :
The calculation used by the author to support his major view on fuel consumption is that
(A) a car can save up to 75% of its oil consumption if it has a hybrid fuel engine.
(B) a car driven slowly needs only 25% the fuel it consumes when driven fast.
(C) current cars are faster and consume much less than those of the past.
(D) today’s vehicles can travel faster because they are made to consume 8 times more over half the time.
(E) older cars would spend 4 times more fuel than modern cars because their engines were not energy efficient.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito B
(A) a car can save up to 75% of its oil consumption if it has a hybrid fuel engine.
(B) a car driven slowly needs only 25% the fuel it consumes when driven fast.
(C) current cars are faster and consume much less than those of the past.
(D) today’s vehicles can travel faster because they are made to consume 8 times more over half the time.
(E) older cars would spend 4 times more fuel than modern cars because their engines were not energy efficient.
Over the past decade, a fierce debate has emerged amongst energy experts about whether global oil production was about to reach a peak, followed by an irreversible decline. This event, commonly known as “Peak Oil” far outreaches the sole discipline of geology. From transportation to modern agriculture, petrochemicals and even the pharmaceutical industry all of them rely on one commodity: cheap and abundant oil. In order to sustain the needs of an ever globalized world, oil demand should double by 2050.
Nonetheless, geological limitations will disrupt this improbable scenario. In fact, a growing proportion of energy experts argue that Peak Oil is impending and warn about the extraordinary scale of the crisis.
According to the 2009 BP Statistical Review, the world has precisely 42 years of oil left. Those numbers come from a very simple formula, the R/P ratio, which consists of dividing the official number of global oil reserves by the level of today’s production.
Nevertheless, this methodology is dangerously defective on several key points as it ignores geological realities. Oil production does not consist of a plan level of production that brutally ends one day; it follows a bell-shaped curve.
Indeed, the important day occurs when production starts to decline, not when it ends. As it is a non-flexible commodity, even a small deficit in oil production can lead to a major price surge.
Finally, the R/P ratio does not acknowledge that production costs increase over the time; the first oil fields to be developed were logically the easy ones and so the most profitable. It is well recognized that remaining oil fields consist of poor quality oil or remotely located fields which need high technologies and expensive investments. Therefore, relying on the R/P ratio gives a false impression of security while the actual situation is critical.
Oil is a strategic resource; therefore having oil is a key political and economical advantage for a state. This is why politics interfere in the evaluation of oil reserves, especially in countries with poor accountability records; that is, the majority of OPEC countries. In fact, OPEC oil reserves have dramatically increased during the 1980s and 1990s. However, they have not discovered major oil fields after the 1970s. At this conjuncture, the question of what lays behind these fluctuations needs to be asked.
The geologist Dr. Colin Campbell, founder of the Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas (ASPO), explains the hidden reasons that led to these changes: “In 1985, Kuwait, added 50% to its reserve. At that time, the OPEC quota was based on the reported reserves; the more you reported, the more you could produce.”
Fellow OPEC members who were unwilling to see the influence of Kuwait growing, simply raised their reserves soon after. Moreover, OPEC countries continue to present their reserves as flat despite having extracted huge amounts of oil during the past twenty years.
At this point, we should not forget that oil reserves reported by these countries are not audited by independent experts. In 2006, the notorious Petroleum Intelligence Weekly said it had access to confidential Kuwaiti reports which stated that reserves were half the official numbers.
The question of oil reserves is most relevant. As oil exporting countries have less oil in their ground, Peak Oil will arrive faster. Oil optimists who argue Peak Oil is still decades away rely on these same erroneous data.
In addition, if importing countries assume oil reserves are abundant as they do, the crisis will be unexpected, unprepared and misunderstood; in one word: overwhelming. Similarly, once oil shortages occur, oil importing countries may assume that exporting countries are deliberately reducing their oil exports to harm their national interests.
Such a flawed assumption from oil importing countries is likely to have serious repercussions, and eventually lead to new oil wars.
Pico de
óleo para manequins
por Tom
Rogue - 09 de agosto de 2009
Na última década, um debate acirrado surgiu entre especialistas em energia
sobre se a produção global de petróleo estava prestes a atingir um pico,
seguido por um declínio irreversível. Este evento, comumente conhecido como
"Pico do Petróleo", ultrapassa em muito a única disciplina da
geologia. Do transporte à agricultura moderna, petroquímica e até mesmo à
indústria farmacêutica, todos eles dependem de uma commodity: petróleo a
preço reduzido e abundante. Para sustentar as necessidades de um mundo cada vez
mais globalizado, a demanda por petróleo deve dobrar até 2050.
No entanto, limitações geológicas vão interferir esse cenário improvável. De
fato, uma proporção crescente de especialistas em energia argumenta que o Pico
do Petróleo é iminente e alerta sobre a escala extraordinária da crise.
De acordo com a BP Statistical Review de 2009, o mundo tem precisamente 42 anos
de petróleo restantes. Esses números vêm de uma fórmula muito simples, a
relação R/P, que consiste em dividir o número oficial de reservas globais de
petróleo pelo nível da produção atual.
No entanto, esta metodologia é perigosamente defeituosa em vários pontos
fundamentais, pois ignora as realidades geológicas. A produção de petróleo não
consiste em um plano de produção que termina brutalmente um dia; segue uma
curva em forma de sino.
Na verdade, o dia importante ocorre quando a produção começa a diminuir, não
quando termina. Como é uma commodity não flexível, mesmo um pequeno déficit na
produção de petróleo pode levar a um grande aumento de preços.
Finalmente, a relação R/P não reconhece que os custos de produção aumentam ao
longo do tempo; Os primeiros campos de petróleo a serem desenvolvidos eram
logicamente os mais fáceis e, portanto, os mais rentáveis. É bem reconhecido
que os campos de petróleo remanescentes consistem em petróleo de baixa
qualidade ou campos remotamente localizados que precisam de alta tecnologia e
investimentos caros. Portanto, confiar na relação R/P dá uma falsa impressão de
segurança enquanto a situação real é crítica.
O petróleo é um recurso estratégico; Portanto, ter petróleo é uma vantagem
política econômica fundamental para um Estado. É por isso que a política
interfere na avaliação das reservas de petróleo, especialmente em países com
registros de prestação de contas pobres; ou seja, a maioria dos países da OPEP.
De fato, as reservas de petróleo da OPEP aumentaram drasticamente durante as
décadas de 1980 e 1990. No entanto, eles não descobriram grandes campos de
petróleo após a década de 1970. Nessa conjuntura, a pergunta sobre o que está
por trás dessas flutuações precisa ser feita.
O geólogo Dr. Colin Campbell, fundador da Association for the Study of Peak Oil
and Gas (ASPO), explica as razões ocultas que levaram a essas mudanças:
"Em 1985, o Kuwait adicionou 50% à sua reserva. Naquela época, a cota da
Opep era baseada nas reservas relatadas, quanto mais você relatava, mais você
podia produzir."
Outros membros da OPEP que não estavam dispostos a ver a influência do Kuwait
crescer, simplesmente aumentaram suas reservas logo depois. Além disso, os
países da OPEP continuam a apresentar suas reservas como estáveis, apesar de
terem extraído enormes quantidades de petróleo durante os últimos vinte anos.
Neste ponto, não devemos esquecer que as reservas de petróleo comunicadas por
esses países não são auditadas por peritos independentes. Em 2006, a famigerada
Petroleum Intelligence Weekly disse que teve acesso a relatórios confidenciais
do Kuwait que afirmavam que as reservas eram metade dos números oficiais.
A questão das reservas de petróleo é muito relevante. Como os países
exportadores de petróleo têm menos petróleo em seu solo, o Pico do Petróleo
chegará mais rápido. Os otimistas do petróleo que argumentam que o Pico do
Petróleo ainda está a décadas de distância baseiam-se nesses mesmos dados
errôneos.
Além disso, se os países importadores presumirem que as reservas de petróleo
são abundantes como são, a crise será inesperada, despreparada e mal
compreendida; em uma palavra: esmagadora. Da mesma forma, uma vez que ocorra
escassez de petróleo, os países importadores de petróleo podem presumir que os
países exportadores estão deliberadamente reduzindo suas exportações de
petróleo para prejudicar seus interesses nacionais.
É provável que essa suposição equivocada dos países importadores de petróleo
tenha sérias repercussões e, eventualmente, levará a novas guerras
petrolíferas.
http://seekingalpha.com/article/154901-peak-oil-for-dummies,
acesso em 14 de março de 2010
The aim of Text II is to
(A) announce to the public the consensus on the exact number of years left to end global oil reserves.
(B) complain against the complex methodology used to calculate the volume of remaining world oil reserves.
(C) warn about issues concerning the evaluation of future oil reserves and the possibility of shortages.
(D) denounce the OPEC countries for extracting more oil than needed for their consumption.
(E) minimize the relevance of the threat of a crisis in the oil industry caused by devastated reserves.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito C
(A) announce to the public the consensus on the exact number of years left to end global oil reserves.
(B) complain against the complex methodology used to calculate the volume of remaining world oil reserves.
(C) warn about issues concerning the evaluation of future oil reserves and the possibility of shortages.
(D) denounce the OPEC countries for extracting more oil than needed for their consumption.
(E) minimize the relevance of the threat of a crisis in the oil industry caused by devastated reserves.
👉 Questão 40 :
In relation to “Peak Oil”, the author of Text II shows a concern for the
(A) conflicts among specialists about whether oil demand is growing or not.
(B) globalized crises among geologists and politicians about predictions for oil substitutes.
(C) imminent collapse of modern society’s major source of energy subsequent to the recent declines in supply.
(D) geological limitation of farming soil and the decline of the substances used in the pharmaceutical industry.
(E) need for cheap and abundant alternative sources of energy to sustain the petrochemical industry.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito C
(A) conflicts among specialists about whether oil demand is growing or not.
(B) globalized crises among geologists and politicians about predictions for oil substitutes.
(C) imminent collapse of modern society’s major source of energy subsequent to the recent declines in supply.
(D) geological limitation of farming soil and the decline of the substances used in the pharmaceutical industry.
(E) need for cheap and abundant alternative sources of energy to sustain the petrochemical industry.
👉 Questão 41 :
The fragment “oil demand should double by 2050.” (line 10) expresses a(n)
(A) improbable guess.
(B) future permission.
(C) past ability.
(D) scientific certainty.
(E) reasonable expectation.
_____________________________________________________________________________
👍 Comentários e Gabarito E
(A) improbable guess.
(B) future permission.
(C) past ability.
(D) scientific certainty.
(E) reasonable expectation.
👉 Questão 42 :
Based on the meanings in Text II, the words reveal opposite ideas in
(A) “…fierce…” (line 1) – passionate.
(B) “…disrupt…” (line 11) – disturb.
(C) “…impending…” (line 13) – approaching.
(D) “…defective…” (line 21) – faultless.
(E) “…acknowledge…” (line 29) – recognize.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito D
(A) “…fierce…” (line 1) – passionate.
(B) “…disrupt…” (line 11) – disturb.
(C) “…impending…” (line 13) – approaching.
(D) “…defective…” (line 21) – faultless.
(E) “…acknowledge…” (line 29) – recognize.
👉 Questão 43 :
The boldfaced marker is synonymous with the expression in parentheses in
(A) "In order to sustain the needs of an ever globalized world," - lines 9-10. (So as to)
(B) "Nonetheless, geological limitations will disrupt this improbable scenario.” - lines 11-12. (Moreover)
(C) "Nevertheless, this methodology is dangerously defective on several key points…” - lines 20-21. (Consequently)
(D) "Therefore, relying on the R/P ratio gives a false impression of security…” - lines 35-36. (Yet)
(E) "Moreover, OPEC countries continue to present their reserves as flat…” - lines 56-57. (However)
👍 Comentários e Gabarito A
(A) “In order to sustain the needs of an ever globalized world,” - lines 9-10. (So as to)
(B) “Nonetheless, geological limitations will disrupt this improbable scenario.” - lines 11-12. (Moreover)
(C) “Nevertheless, this methodology is dangerously defective on several key points…” - lines 20-21. (Consequently)
(D) “Therefore, relying on the R/P ratio gives a false impression of security…” - lines 35-36. (Yet)
(E) “Moreover, OPEC countries continue to present their reserves as flat…” - lines 56-57. (However)
👉 Questão 44 :
According to Paragraphs 4 to 6 (lines 20-37), the R/P ratio is inefficient because
(A) geological factors are not fully taken into account in its calculation.
(B) oil production costs tend to become more accessible as time goes by.
(C) oil production will abruptly come to an end in the next few years.
(D) poor quality oil fields have already been explored in their totality.
(E) remotely located fields will be economically viable.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito A
(A) geological factors are not fully taken into account in its calculation.
(B) oil production costs tend to become more accessible as time goes by.
(C) oil production will abruptly come to an end in the next few years.
(D) poor quality oil fields have already been explored in their totality.
(E) remotely located fields will be economically viable.
👉 Questão 45 :
The sentence “Indeed, the important day occurs when production starts to decline, not when it ends.” (lines 25-26) means that
(A) the deficit in oil for industrial use is the only issue the governments need to worry about.
(B) the end of oil supplies will mark the decline of modern civilization as we know it today.
(C) the most important event in the history of oil extraction was the day the price of this commodity reached a peak.
(D) it is absolutely essential to be aware of the point at which a decrease in the need for oil will happen.
(E) it is more valuable to know when a decrease in oil production starts than to know when no more oil can be extracted.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito E
(A) the deficit in oil for industrial use is the only issue the governments need to worry about.
(B) the end of oil supplies will mark the decline of modern civilization as we know it today.
(C) the most important event in the history of oil extraction was the day the price of this commodity reached a peak.
(D) it is absolutely essential to be aware of the point at which a decrease in the need for oil will happen.
(E) it is more valuable to know when a decrease in oil production starts than to know when no more oil can be extracted.
👉 Questão 46 :
The section of Text II that includes paragraph 7 through 12 (lines 38-77) could be preceded by the subtitle
(A) “Global Oil Reserves: Lies and Manipulations”
(B) “The Industrial Civilization at Risk”
(C) “Any Viable Alternative Energy?”
(D) “No Need to Fear Peak Oil!”
(E) “42 years of Oil left?”
_____________________________________________________________________________
👍 Comentários e Gabarito A
(A) “Global Oil Reserves: Lies and Manipulations”
(B) “The Industrial Civilization at Risk”
(C) “Any Viable Alternative Energy?”
(D) “No Need to Fear Peak Oil!”
(E) “42 years of Oil left?”
👉 Questão 47 :
Kuwait is mentioned in Paragraphs 8 (lines 48-53) and 10 (lines 60-65) to
(A) explain the reports that informed about the poor accountability records of industrial countries.
(B) illustrate the case of an oil producing nation that reported having more reserves than it actually had.
(C) justify the announcement of more oil production by nations that had discovered new and abundant reserves.
(D) show that independent experts have done a good job in auditing all of the recently found reserves in most oil exporting countries.
(E) exemplify the fact that there has been a dramatic increase in oil availability since major oil fields have been discovered after the 70s.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito B
(A) explain the reports that informed about the poor accountability records of industrial countries.
(B) illustrate the case of an oil producing nation that reported having more reserves than it actually had.
(C) justify the announcement of more oil production by nations that had discovered new and abundant reserves.
(D) show that independent experts have done a good job in auditing all of the recently found reserves in most oil exporting countries.
(E) exemplify the fact that there has been a dramatic increase in oil availability since major oil fields have been discovered after the 70s.
👉 Questão 48 :
According to Paragraphs 12 and 13 (lines 71-80), all of the following reasons could, directly or indirectly, lead to new oil wars, EXCEPT
(A) unreliable reports of oil reserves from OPEC countries.
(B) oil shortage that, will affect all major producers in the world.
(C) suspicions that the national interests of major importing nations may be at risk.
(D) alliances among the largest oil exporting countries in the world and their target markets.
(E) misunderstandings between oil importing and oil exporting nations concerning oil shortage.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito D
(A) unreliable reports of oil reserves from OPEC countries.
(B) oil shortage that, will affect all major producers in the world.
(C) suspicions that the national interests of major importing nations may be at risk.
(D) alliances among the largest oil exporting countries in the world and their target markets.
(E) misunderstandings between oil importing and oil exporting nations concerning oil shortage.
👉 Questão 49 :
“Such a flawed assumption…” (line 78) refers to the supposition that
(A) global oil crises are highly unlikely to occur any time soon.
(B) world oil shortages may eventually happen without notice.
(C) world oil reserves will still be plentiful for a long lasting period.
(D) exporting countries will never discontinue their oil exports to importing nations.
(E) exporting countries might reduce their oil exports in an attempt to damage the economy of importing nations.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito E
(A) global oil crises are highly unlikely to occur any time soon.
(B) world oil shortages may eventually happen without notice.
(C) world oil reserves will still be plentiful for a long lasting period.
(D) exporting countries will never discontinue their oil exports to importing nations.
(E) exporting countries might reduce their oil exports in an attempt to damage the economy of importing nations.
👉 Questão 50 :
Which of the predictions about Peak Oil is NOT expressed in Text II?
(A) Global oil production will start to decline after reaching a peak.
(B) Optimists claim that Peak Oil will only happen within some decades.
(C) Oil importing nations will realize the imminence of Peak Oil later than oil exporters.
(D) Energy experts affirm that Peak Oil is a mistaken concept since it will not actually occur.
(E) Specialists in oil extraction believe in the imminence of Peak Oil and the seriousness of the oil crisis.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito D
(A) Global oil production will start to decline after reaching a peak.
(B) Optimists claim that Peak Oil will only happen within some decades.
(C) Oil importing nations will realize the imminence of Peak Oil later than oil exporters.
(D) Energy experts affirm that Peak Oil is a mistaken concept since it will not actually occur.
(E) Specialists in oil extraction believe in the imminence of Peak Oil and the seriousness of the oil crisis.