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❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:
• IME-VESTIBULAR-2022-LÍNGUA INGLESA.
❑ TEXTO 1: Para as questões de 01 a 08, escolha a alternativa que completa o texto 1 corretamente.
The promise of Mr trash wheel
Carolyn Kormann
John Kellett, the former director of Baltimore’s Maritime Museum, used to cross a footbridge over Jones Falls, the largest tributary __(01)__ into Baltimore’s Inner Harbor, every day on his way to work. “When it rained, there was a river of trash flowing down,” he told me. He __(02)__ twenty years working on the harbor, primarily in environmental education and shipbuilding, and had a deep knowledge of its hydrodynamics and history. City officials, he told me, “said they were open to ideas, so I started sketching.” He drew plans for a machine powered by an __(03)__ water wheel — a technology that __(04)__ a staple throughout the city—designed to intercept trash at the mouth of Jones Falls, which is the main __(05)__ of harbor pollution. A prototype was installed in 2008. By 2014, Kellett’s invention was reborn as Mr. Trash Wheel — a fifty-foot-long machine, weighing nearly a hundred thousand pounds, which resembles a friendly mollusk, with giant, __(06)__ eyes and its own Twitter account.
Years later, Mr. Trash Wheel has spawned three replicas around Baltimore - Professor Trash Wheel, Captain TrashWheel, and another that was announced last week but has yet to be named or installed in the water. Three local beers are named in their honor, and the city has both a trash-wheel __(07)__ festival and a society dedicated to promoting environmental awareness known as the Order of the Wheel. As plastic pollution in the world’s oceans has become a growing crisis, the trash wheels have gained an international following. “Over the last few years, I’ve been getting calls and e-mails from all over the world,” Kellett said. A Japanese film __(08)__ visited last week. “I’m still kind of in shock about how much attention it has garnered,” he went on. “Never in my wildest dreams would I ever have thought that this idea I sketched on a napkin would lead to all this.”
Adapted from: The New Yorker in https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/the-promise-of-mr-trash-wheel[Accessed on 7th April 2021]
01 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2022)
(A) passing
(B) taking
(C) developing
(D) feeding
(E) rising
👍 Comentários e Gabarito Da) passing (O phrasal verb “pass into”(passar pelo) não faz coesão no contexto - erro de Semântica)
b) taking
c) developing
d) feeding
• “feed into”(desembocar, desaguar em)
/fiːd 'ɪn.tuː/
/fiːd 'ɪn.tuː/
• “tributary”(afluente)
/'trɪb.jə.tər.i//'trɪb.jə.ter.i/• “footbridge”(passarela, ponte pedonal)/'fʊt.brɪdʒ//'fʊt.brɪdʒ/(A) applied
(B) has
dedicated
(C) had been
devoting
(D) has stayed
(E) has spent
👍 Comentários e Gabarito Ea) applied (aplicou)(Não cabe o "Simple Past" empregado para uma linha de tempo fechada com informação específica de quando aconteceu - Erro de tempo verbal)
b) has dedicated
c) had been devoting (Não cabe Past Perfect e não cabe dois Participios Presentes(devoting, working) na sentença. - Erro de tempo verbal)
d) has stayed
e) has spent (passou)(Cabe o "Present Perfect" e o verbo o ''to spend" faz coesão no contexto, usar o tempo fazendo algo)
• “harbor”(porto)
/'hɑrbər//'hɑrbər/
• “shipbuilding”(construção naval)
/'ʃɪpˌbɪl.dɪŋ//'ʃɪpˌbɪl.dɪŋ/• “primarily”(=mainly)(principalmente)
/praɪ'mer.əl.i//praɪ'mer.əl.i/ 03 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2022)
a)
old-fashioned
b) out of order
c) blacksmith
d) earthward
e) age-barred
👍 Comentários e Gabarito Aa) old-fashioned
b) out of order
c) blacksmith
d) earthward
e) age-barred (proibido por idade)(não faz coesão no contexto - Erro de Semântica)
/sketʃ//sketʃ/
• “wheel”(roda)
/wiːl//wiːl/04 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2022)
(A) has not
gotten
(B) hasn’t begun
(C) had once
been
(D) may even
trigger
(E) might not offer
👍 Comentários e Gabarito C/θruː'aʊt//θruː'aʊt/
• “trash”(lixo, refugo)
/træʃ//træʃ/ 05 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2022)
(A) standard
(B) forbearance
(C) restraint
(D) inception
(E) source
👍 Comentários e Gabarito E(A) standard
(B) forbearance
(C) restraint
(D) inception
(E) source (fonte)
/pə'luː.ʃən//pə'luː.ʃən/
• “source”(fonte)
/sɔːs//sɔːrs/ 06 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2022)
(A) backlash
(B) offshore
(C) googly
(D) blindsiding
(E) underpinning
👍 Comentários e Gabarito C/aɪz//aɪz/
• “mollusk”(molusco)
/'mɒl.əsk//'mɑː.ləsk/ 07 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2022)
(A) backer
(B) fan
(C) glow
(D) silk
(E) idle
👍 Comentários e Gabarito B(B) fan glow
(D) silk
(E) idle (ocioso)("IDLE" pode ser “ocioso, inativo, sem operar” ou “sem trabalho” ou ainda “preguiçoso”:)
/'fes.tɪ.vəl//'fes.tə.vəl/
• “fan”(fã, admirador/admiradora)
/fæn//fæn/ 08 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2022)
(A) crew
(B) pack
(C) class
(D) set
(E) swarm
👍 Comentários e Gabarito A/kruː//kruː/
• “film”(filme)
/fɪlm//fɪlm/ ❑ TEXTO 2: Para as questões de 09 a 15, responda de acordo com o texto 2 a seguir.
Chariot
Rodrigo Quijada Plubins
Definition
The chariot was a light vehicle, usually on two wheels, drawn by one or more horses, often carrying two standing persons, a driver and a fighter using bow-and-arrow or javelins. The chariot was the supreme military weapon in Eurasia roughly from 1700 BCE to 500 BCE but was also used for hunting purposes and in sporting contests such as the Olympic Games and in the Roman Circus Maximus.
Horses were not used for transport, ploughing, warfare or any other practical human activity until quite late in history,and the chariot was the first such application. Donkeys and other animals were preferred in early civilizations.
The Horse
The horse’s main ecological niche was the Eurasian steppe; a very wide (4,800 km) and narrow (800 km on average)strip of grassland running roughly from Hungary to China, encompassing parts of what today is Ukrania, southern Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Mongolia. For most of ancient history, the steppe - which means “wasteland” in Russian - was the home of nomadic societies whose economy was based on herding, complemented by hunting and, to a much lesser degree, sporadic, itinerant agriculture. No cities or settled communities existed in the steppe, save a very few spots.
Steppe dwellers domesticated the horse for the purpose of breeding it for food like sheep and other animals already domesticated. That process is unfortunately poorly understood, and it occurred sometime before 2500 BCE. The wheel,an invention imported from the Middle East, had arrived in the steppe around 3100 BCE. The invention of the chariotin the steppe - perhaps originally meant as an improved tool for hunting - occurred roughly by 2000 BCE, probably in the area just east of the southern Ural mountains, where the oldest chariots have been unearthed. The word for horse appears just around this date for the first time in Mesopotamia, when an increase in north-south trade through Iran is attested.
Invention of
the Chariot
The chariot then became a moving platform from which soldiers could shoot at enemies. Arrows and javelins were the main weapons used by the fighter on board, while a second person drove the chariot. The tactic was to move constantly, in and out of the battle, shooting from a distance.
There is no clear explanation as to why humans invented the chariot first, before riding the horse directly, which seems more straightforward to us. A chariot was obviously more expensive than the horse alone, and chariots could not enter or properly manoeuver in landscapes where a mounted horse can, such as hills, marshes or forests. We know people tried mounting horses very early, as we have found drawings depicting it, but those seem rare experimentsthat did not seem to work. The most common scholarly suggestion is that horses at that time were weaker than in the present, unsuitable for supporting a man and only after a very long period of constant, selective breeding, did a stronger horse come into being. Horses started consistently to be mounted roughly a millennium and a half after the chariot wasinvented.
The “compound bow”, invented sometime during the second millennium BCE, was the final ingredient for the riseof a deadly ensemble. Bow and arrow were much older, and the innovation of the compound bow was the use of two types of materials, inside and outside the bow, which gave it considerably more power. Compound bows were able to accurately hit a target 300 m away, and penetrate an armour 100 m away. It was the preferred weapon of charioteers and later horseback riding societies. Its power is reflected in the fact that these bows were last used in war as recently as the 19th century CE by the Chinese, well into the age of firearms.
We have scarce knowledge of what happened with the communities in the steppe once the chariot was invented. We can assume that war intensified - and some evidence about it does exist -, and those who first or better grasped the new invention stormed their neighbours, sizing valuable hunting and pasturing land rights. We truly understand theimpact of the chariot only when this new form of warfare came out of the steppes and into the settled, agricultural lands.
Charioteers
& Warfare
The first
reference to charioteers comes from Syria around 1800 BCE. Over the course of
the next four centuries, chariots advanced into civilization, either by direct
migration of steppe people or by diffusion, and it quickly came to be the
preferred elite weapon.
(...)
Everywhere, in Europe, the Middle East, India, and China, all rulers, from petty chiefs to great pharaohs, took the chariot as their master weapon. They started depicting themselves riding chariots, waging wars in chariots, including chariots and horses in their tombs as symbols of power, and so on. Their surrounding aristocracy, of course, followed suit, so the elite forces in every polity came to be charioteers. The horse came to be a valuable military asset, no longer a food source. Horse breeding became key for these states, and all powerful kings aspired to have the proper stables tosupply their armies with chariots; imports from the steppes, though, long remained their major source.
The most famous chariot battle was that of Kadesh (1294 BCE), fought between the two superpowers of the time, Egypt and Hatti (Hittites), where some 50 chariots are presumed to have participated for each side. The small number of chariots compared to infantry troops is a good indicator of how effective the chariot was: in China, the ratio was up to 25 infantry soldiers per chariot.
Decline in Use
The use of the
chariot declined very slowly, starting around 500 BCE (and yet, in some parts
of Europe the technology was just arriving at that time). First and probably
foremost, because horseback riding was developed in the steppes, and slowly but
surely replaced the need for chariots. The first known forces mounting horses
were those ofthe Scythians, steppe people who in the 7th century BCE attacked
the Assyrian empire on horseback. Second, because infantry, formerly helpless
against chariots, became more sophisticated due to the expanding use of iron
weapons (from c. 1200 BCE onwards), and to new tactics in the form of phalanx
formations. Fighting the invading Romans, the Celts were probably the last
people who used chariots extensively, until around the 4th century CE.
Adapted from: Chariot. World History Encyclopedia. Available at: [Accessedon 5th March 2021].
VOCABULARY:
• BCE – Before
Common Era (or BC, Before Christ)
• CE – Common Era (or AD, Anno Domini)
09 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2022)
Choose the correct option.
a) Earlier than
1700 BCE, horse-driven chariots were a strong symbol of military power.
b) Chariots
drawn by donkeys were used solely to help human beings hunt with the use of
javelins.
c) Weighty
chariots were not used for military purposes but for ploughing.
d) Chariots
were used for fighting and, frequently, there were two people on it.
e) In the beginning, most chariots were used to help raise cattle, the basic economic activity.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito DEscolha a opção correta.
a) Earlier than 1700 BCE, horse-driven chariots were a strong symbol of military power.
b) Chariots drawn by donkeys were used solely to help human beings hunt with the use of javelins.
c) Weighty chariots were not used for military purposes but for ploughing.
d) Chariots were used for fighting and, frequently, there were two people on it.
10 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2022)
Choose the correct option:
a) Originally,
horses could be found in villages where some human societies lived
continuously.
b) It seems
researchers have found out the way horses became domestic animals for the first
time. It occurred in 2000 BCE.
c) Horses were
not first brought under control to be used as means for transportation. They
were a source of food.
d) Inhabitants
from the steppe learned the concept of the wheel from people living close to
the Ural mountains.
e) Northern and southern areas had had more business transactions when the wheel became known by steppe dwellers.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito Ca) Originally, horses could be found in villages where some human societies lived continuously.
b) It seems researchers have found out the way horses became domestic animals for the first time. It occurred in 2000 BCE.
c) Horses were not first brought under control to be used as means for transportation. They were a source of food.
d) Inhabitants from the steppe learned the concept of the wheel from people living close to the Ural mountains.
e) Northern and southern areas had had more business transactions when the wheel became known by steppe dwellers. As áreas norte e sul tiveram mais transações comerciais quando a roda se tornou conhecida pelos moradores das estepes.
a) In a battle,
one soldier needed to aim at an enemy and another had to guarantee a long
stationary position for the chariot.
b) The main war
tactic had to assure safety for the ones at the back of the main group of
fighters.
c) It is
believed that riding a horse made people think of using a chariot for military
purposes.
d) Evidence
shows why riding a horse increased the breeding of horses.
e) If a person
were riding a horse, a variety of military actions could be possible.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito E
a) In a battle, one soldier needed to aim at an enemy and another had to guarantee a long stationary position for the chariot.
b) The main war tactic had to assure safety for the ones at the back of the main group of fighters.
c) It is believed that riding a horse made people think of using a chariot for military purposes.
d) Evidence shows why riding a horse increased the breeding of horses.
e) If a person were riding a horse, a variety of military actions could be possible. Se uma pessoa estivesse andando a cavalo, uma variedade de ações militares poderiam ser possíveis.
12 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2022)
Choose the option that completes the following sentence correctly.
The compound bow ______________________.
a) wouldn’t go
through a body protective equipment a hundred meters away.
b) had some
components which yielded better results than the common bow and arrow.
c) disappeared
completely after the invention of gunpowder because it became outdated.
d) was not
being used before the eighteen hundreds due to some other type of equipment.
e) would last a millennium and a half.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito BEscolha a opção que completa corretamente a frase a seguir.
The compound bow ______________________.
O arco composto ______________________.
a) wouldn’t go through a body protective equipment a hundred meters away.
b) had some components which yielded better results than the common bow and arrow.
c) disappeared completely after the invention of gunpowder because it became outdated.
d) was not being used before the eighteen hundreds due to some other type of equipment.
13 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2022)
Choose the option that completes the following sentence correctly.
Regarding communities in the steppes, _________________.
a) scientists
believe it is probable that the number of battles increased after the invention
of the chariot, but they haven’t found any clue about this.
b) a community
can make a neighbor city feel the effects of heavy showers after the invention
of new technology, and there is evidence of this.
c) the first
group of people who mastered the wheeled invention might have taken land from
neighbor communities.
d) from the
invention of the chariot on, much was discovered about them, but not everything
explained the way they lived.
e) the amount of pasturing land each one had was unknown until after the use of chariots in wars.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito Ca) scientists believe it is probable that the number of battles increased after the invention of the chariot, but they haven’t found any clue about this.
b) a community can make a neighbor city feel the effects of heavy showers after the invention of new technology, and there is evidence of this.
c) the first group of people who mastered the wheeled invention might have taken land from neighbor communities.
d) from the invention of the chariot on, much was discovered about them, but not everything explained the way they lived.
14 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2022)
Choose the correct option.
a) After horses
from the steppes could no longer be imported, horse breeding became the
solution.
b) It is
believed that around 100 chariots might have participated in the battle of
Kadesh.
c) At the time
the battle of Kadesh happened, the use of chariots had increased all over
Europe.
d) From China
to Europe, chariots were used at the same span of time.
e) In ancient battles, there were more than three dozens of soldiers per chariot.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito BEscolha a opção correta.
a) After horses from the steppes could no longer be imported, horse breeding became the solution.
b) It is believed that around 100 chariots might have participated in the battle of Kadesh.
c) At the time the battle of Kadesh happened, the use of chariots had increased all over Europe.
d) From China to Europe, chariots were used at the same span of time.
15 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2022)
Choose the correct option.
a) The Celts
were the last people to use chariots except for their invaders, the Romans.
b) There must
be a sole reason for the military to have stopped using chariots in battles;
researches believe it is because of a sudden change of technology.
c) The
Scythians were attacked by the Assyrian empire although the latter used mounted
horses only in the attack.
d) The use of
chariots decreased due to some factors, such as horseback riding and a rise in
the use of specific weapon material.
e) In 500 BCE, some European people would abolish chariots for good since many kingdoms had their own stables. It was not necessary to import horses.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito DEscolha a opção correta.
a) The Celts were the last people to use chariots except for their invaders, the Romans.
b) There must be a sole reason for the military to have stopped using chariots in battles; researches believe it is because of a sudden change of technology.
c) The Scythians were attacked by the Assyrian empire although the latter used mounted horses only in the attack.
d) The use of chariots decreased due to some factors, such as horseback riding and a rise in the use of specific weapon material.
❑ TEXTO 3: Para as questões de 16 a 19, responda de acordo com o texto 3.
Weight reduction of a
carbon fibre composite wheel
Stefan Czypionka and Frank
Kienhofer
Abstract — The wheel of a passenger vehicle must be designed to be safe and light. (...) Manufacturing and testing carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) prototypes is expensive. Thus, it is advantageous to develop simulationmodels for composite weight reduction. The simulation models can provide insight into how lighter CFRP wheels can be designed. This study presents the design development of a CFRP wheel for a high-performance roadster; the CFRP wheel is offered by an automotive manufacturer as a high-performance option instead of aluminium wheels. Finite element (FE) simulations were initially conducted assuming an isotropic material. This initial model was used to eliminate stress concentrations and to design and manufacture an initial CFRP wheel. The CFRP wheel weight is 6.8 kg as compared to the original aluminium wheel which weighs 8.1 kg. This initial design passed the dynamic cornering fatigue test (the most stringent strength test for wheels). Thereafter the wheel was instrumented with strain gauges, anda bending moment was applied to the hub using a custom-built test rig. The test rig produced a static load equivalent to the dynamic cornering fatigue test (in which the applied bending moment varies sinusoidally).
(...)
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
The wheel is arguably one of the most important components of a road going vehicle. It is responsible for the transmission of power from the drive components of the vehicle to the road, while also enabling the vehicle to make directional changes. Overdesigning a wheel by adding material increases the wheel mass and rotational inertia which negatively affects the vehicle’s performance and efficiency. This has led to substantial development efforts to reduce the wheel weight and rotational inertia while simultaneously maintaining or increasing the material strength. A wheel must be designed to be safe and light.
Numerous research studies have been published on the development of steel and aluminium wheels. Steel and aluminium alloy wheels have arguably reached the peak of possible weight reduction and composite materials offer thenext advance. Despite the tremendous potential of carbon fibre as an automotive material due to high strength, low density and superior fatigue properties, __(18)__ . Giger and Ermanni demonstrated the development process of a CFRP motorcycle rim. However, this wheel was not tested to certified standards. Rondina et al. investigated a high volume production method for carbon fibre wheels. The paper simulated the production process; however, no certified wheel appears to have been produced. As early as 1979, studies have been conducted into the viability of composites for use as automotive wheels.
Unlike
isotropic materials, CFRP components are expensive to test and certify. Even
small changes in geometryto prevent failure or reduce stresses could cause a
production line to be retooled during the development process and existing
equipment to be scrapped. This research paper illustrates the development of a
validated finite element (FE) model to investigate laminate configurations to
improve the stiffness of the CFRP wheel and be 18% lighter than the original
aluminium wheel. The case study is of an original equipment (OE) wheel designed
and manufactured by Blackstone Tek (BST).
(...)
https://doi.org/10.1515/secm-2019-0018 Received Jan 28, 2019; accepted Feb 25, 2019. Adapted from: Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel. Available at: [Accessed on May, 3rd, 2021].
16 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2022)
Choose the correct option.
a) For a car
wheel to be strong, it shouldn’t be light, and carbon fibre can provide the
necessary strength.
b) To make and
test a CFRP prototype used to be prohibitively expensive. This is why it was
avoided up to sometime ago, but it has become less costly recently.
c) Simulation
models are a solution to help reach some conclusions without spending what
would be spent if CFRP prototypes were always built.
d) A wheel
weight is not reduced by the use of CFRP materials.
e) If a vehicle that carries passengers is light, it is not safe since the wheel might not be strong enough.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito CEscolha a opção correta.
a) For a car wheel to be strong, it shouldn’t be light, and carbon fibre can provide the necessary strength.
b) To make and test a CFRP prototype used to be prohibitively expensive. This is why it was avoided up to sometime ago, but it has become less costly recently.
c) Simulation models are a solution to help reach some conclusions without spending what would be spent if CFRP prototypes were always built.
d) A wheel weight is not reduced by the use of CFRP materials.
17 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2022)
Choose the correct option.
a) It had
always been burdensome to design light and strong wheels up to some time in the
past.
b)
Manufacturers routinely make and test several kinds of CFRP wheels nowadays.
c) This text
discusses two different kinds of wheel.
d) In a test,
the wheel had some measuring devices added after its design had been approved.
e) The aluminium wheel is lighter than the CFRP wheel, but it is also cheaper.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito DEscolha a opção correta.
a) It had always been burdensome to design light and strong wheels up to some time in the past.
b) Manufacturers routinely make and test several kinds of CFRP wheels nowadays.
c) This text discusses two different kinds of wheel.
d) In a test, the wheel had some measuring devices added after its design had been approved.
18 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2022)
To complete the blank found in the text, choose the appropriate continuation for:
“Despite the tremendous potential of carbon fibre as an automotive material due to high strength, low density and superior fatigue properties, ___18____.”
a) researches
have always been using this material in tests due to the investment from the
automotive industry.
b) the
prevalence of CFRP wheels and corresponding published research is limited.
c) most
researchers established standards that could ensure wheel safety, so there are
specific performance parameters nowadays.
d) these
characteristics have all reached optimal results in tests conducted by research
project specialists.
e) there have never been better standards attested by industry, universities and car owners.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito B19 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2022)
Choose the correct option that completes the following sentence.
Composite
wheels ___________________ .
a) cannot have their weight reduced anymore.
b) give an idea
of what possible uses they can have only if models are properly simulated.
c) have been
considered better than other ones according to a series of tests since 1979.
d) might not be
in production line unless existing equipment is created.
e) are regarded as a promising alternative to metal wheels.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito E20 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2022)
Read the following statements about texts 2 and 3.
I. Only Text 3
mentions a type of process that enhanced technology.
II. Both texts
mention invention developments which had the contribution of more than just one
person or team.
III. Text 2 mentions more events spaced out in time than Text 3.
According to the mentioned texts, the correct statement(s) is (are):
a) only I.
b) only II.
c) only III.
d) only I and
II.
e) only II and III.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito E
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