Materials Science in the
time of Coronavirus
Annela M. Seddon
Before 2020,
phrases such as “social distancing” and “lock down” were not part of our normal
vocabulary; however, it seems now that they are at the core of every
conversation. We scientists naturally look to see where we ___(01)___ to help
as we start to piece together what this new normal means for us.
___(02)___ a
problem of the magnitude of a global pandemic cannot be undertaken by a single
discipline. ___ (03)___ , while we are still in the early stages of this
crisis, where emergency medical care and reducing pressure on health services
are the ___(04)___ , we look to our clinicians, epidemiologists, and experts in
the biomedical sciences for frontline solutions. ___(05)___ , we must think
more broadly about the role of materials science.
Traditionally,
when we think about “viral infection” our thoughts first turn to vaccines.
After all, these ___(06)___ one the most successful public health
interventions in human history, rendering what were ___(07)___ fatal or
seriously debilitating diseases a thing of the past thanks to a simple
___(08)___ of inoculations. They will always remain the heavy artillery in our
fight against viruses; however, in the situation we face at present, a vaccine
against COVID-19 ___(09)___ some way into the future.
What then of
antiviral agents? Over the last 50 years, more than 90 drugs have been approved
as antivirals, ___(10)___ these target only nine human infectious
diseases. It is tempting to think that the development of new antiviral agents
is beyond the scope of what we traditionally call materials Science,...
Adapted from: Journal of
Materials Science.
Materials
Science in the time of Coronavirus.
Available at:
https://link.springer.com/
article/10.1007/s10853-020-04694-4>
[Accessed 21st May 2020).
01 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2021)
(A) might be
best placed
(B) could píace
(C) been placed
(D) should best
place
(E) couldn’t
have placed
👍 Comentários e Gabarito A
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:
➭ TRECHO:
• Before 2020, phrases such as “social distancing” and “lock down” were not part of our normal vocabulary; however, it seems now that they are at the core of every conversation. We scientists naturally look to see where we might be best placed to help as we start to piece together what this new normal means for us. Antes de 2020, frases como “distanciamento social” e “bloqueio” não faziam parte do nosso vocabulário normal; no entanto, parece agora que eles estão no centro de todas as conversas. Nós, cientistas, naturalmente procuramos ver onde poderíamos estar em melhor posição para ajudar, à medida que começamos a entender o que este novo normal significa para nós.
➭ OPÇÕES DE ESTRUTURAS VERBAIS:
(A) might be best placed (poderíamos estar posicionado melhor)("modal + be/get" é um indicativo de VOZ PASSIVA e expressa POSSIBILIDADE FUTURA.)
- A voz passiva é utilizada para:
- (1) Evitar assumir a responsabilidade direta da ação.
- >> The problem will be solved in no time.
- >> O problema será resolvido em pouco tempo.
- (2) Dar foco ao fato acontecido não ao autor do fato.
- >> I was robbed of my notebook yesterday.
- >> Meu notebook foi roubado ontem.
- (3) Evitar sujeitos vagos, como alguém, ninguém, todos, etc.
- >> Smoking is forbidden in this room.
- >> É proibido fumar neste quarto.
(B) could place (podíamos colocar)(1 erro: está na voz ativa)
* "could place" é uma estrutura verbal na VOZ ATIVA acrescida com ideia de possibilidade.
(C) been placed (sidos colocados)(Estrutura verbal com erro de construção)(dois particípios passados: BEEN "particípio passado do verbo to be" e PLACED "particípio passado do verbo to place")
(D) should best place (deveríamos melhor posicionar)(2 erros: não faz coesão no contexto e está na voz ativa)
* "should best place" é uma estrutura verbal na VOZ ATIVA acrescida com ideia de conselho.
(E) couldn’t have placed (2 erros: não faz coesão no contexto e está na voz ativa)
➭ KEY WORDS:
• “piece together”(juntar as partes de algo, entender)
/pis tə'ɡeð.ər/
/pis tə'ɡeð.ɚ/
• “where”(construção naval)
/weər//wer/ /pleɪs//pleɪs/
02 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2021)
(A) Having
solved
(B) Tackling
(C) Assessing
(D) Regarding
(E) Having
discussed
👍 Comentários e Gabarito B
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:
➭ TRECHO:
• Tackling a problem of the magnitude of a global pandemic cannot be undertaken by a single discipline. Enfrentar um problema da magnitude de uma pandemia global não pode ser realizada por uma única disciplina.
➭ OPÇÕES DE FORMAS VERBAIS SUBSTANTIVADAS:
(A) Having solved (Ter resolvido)(erro de Semântica: não faz coesão no contexto)
(B) Tackling (Enfrentar)
(C) Assessing (Avaliar)(erro de Semântica: não faz coesão no contexto)
(D) Regarding (Considerar)(erro de Semântica: não faz coesão no contexto)
(E) Having discussed (Ter discutido)(erro de Semântica: não faz coesão no contexto)
➭ KEY WORDS:
• “tackle”(enfrentar)(tackle a problem or tackle difficult task)
/'tæk.əl//'tæk.əl/
• “ magnitude”(magnitude, importância)
/'mæɡ.nɪ.tʃuːd//'mæɡ.nə.tuːd/ • “problem”(problema, situação difícil)
/'prɒb.ləm//'prɑː.bləm/
03 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2021)
(A) Previously
(B) Then
(C) At this
point
(D) Some time
after
(E) Next time
👍 Comentários e Gabarito C
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:
➭ TRECHO:
• At this point, while we are still in the early stages of this crisis, Neste momento, enquanto ainda estamos nos estágios iniciais desta crise,
➭ OPÇÕES DE ADVÉRBIOS E EXPRESSÕES IDIOMÁTICAS:
(A) Previously (Anteriormente)(ideia de "antes")
(B) Then (Então)(ideia de "depois")
(C) At this point (Neste momento)(ideia de "agora mesmo")
* at this point (idiom) – in this moment, right now, at the stage we are at now.
(D) Some time after (Algum tempo depois)(ideia de "depois")
(E) Next time (Da próxima vez)(ideia de "depois")
➭ KEY WORDS:
• “while”(enquanto, ao mesmo tempo)
/waɪl//waɪl/
• “still”(ainda)
/stɪl//stɪl/ /steɪdʒ//steɪdʒ/ • “are”(presente de "be")
/ɑːr//ɑːr/
04 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2021)
(A) eldership
(B) compliance
(C) arrangement
(D) priority
(E) least
👍 Comentários e Gabarito D
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:
➭ TRECHO:
• where emergency medical care and reducing pressure on health services are the priority, onde os cuidados médicos de emergência e a redução da pressão sobre os serviços de saúde são a prioridade,
➭ OPÇÕES DE VOCÁBULOS:
(A) eldership (velhice)
(B) compliance (conformidade)
(C) arrangement (arranjo)
(D) priority (prioridade)
(E) least (mínimo)
➭ KEY WORDS:
• “emergency medical care”(atendimento médico de emergência)
/ɪˈmɜː.dʒən.si 'med.ɪ.kəl keər/
/ɪˈmɝː.dʒən.si 'med.ɪ.kəl ker/
• “health service”(serviço de saúde)
/helθ 'sɜː.vɪs//helθ 'sɝː.vɪs/ /'preʃ.ər//'preʃ.ɚ/
05 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2021)
(A) Unless
(B) In any
event
(C) Randomly
(D) By doing so
(E) However
👍 Comentários e Gabarito E
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:
➭ TRECHO:
• we look to our clinicians, epidemiologists, and experts in the biomedical sciences for frontline solutions. However, we must think more broadly about the role of materials science. contamos com nossos médicos, epidemiologistas e especialistas em ciências biomédicas para obter soluções de primeira linha. No entanto, devemos pensar de forma mais ampla sobre o papel da ciência dos materiais.
➭ OPÇÕES DE FORMAS VERBAIS:
(A) Unless (A menos que, exceto se)(ideia de condição)
(B) In any event (Em todo o caso, de qualquer forma, seja como for)(ideia de concessão ou contradição)
(C) Randomly (Aleatoriamente, imprevistamente)(ideia de escolha aleatória)
(D) By doing so (Ao fazer isso)(ideia de um resultado lógico.)
(E) However (Entretanto)(ideia de contraste, ou seja, contrapor ao que foi dito)
➭ KEY WORDS:
• “frontline solutions”(soluções de linha de frente)
/ˈfrʌntlaɪn sə'luː.ʃənz//ˈfrʌntlaɪn səˈluː.ʃənz/
• “think more broadly”(pensar de forma mais ampla)
/θɪŋk mɔːr 'brɔːd.li//θɪŋk mɔːr 'brɑːd.li/ 06 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2021)
(A) have been
arguably
(B) had already
done
(C) were done
(D) were mostly
worked
(E) have always done
👍 Comentários e Gabarito A
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:
➭ TRECHO:
• Traditionally, when we think about “viral infection” our thoughts first turn to vaccines. After all, these have been arguably one the most successful public health interventions in human history, Tradicionalmente, quando pensamos em “infecção viral”, os nossos pensamentos voltam-se primeiro para as vacinas. Afinal, estas foram sem dúvida uma das intervenções de saúde pública mais bem sucedidas na história da humanidade,
➭ OPÇÕES DE FORMAS VERBAIS:
(A) have been arguably (foram sem dúvida)(a estrutura deverá estar no PRESENT PERFECT que é usado para indicar que algo começou a ser feito no passado e ainda não terminou, ou seja, as vacinas foram utilizadas no passado e continua na atualidade, a intervenção mais bem sucedida contra as doenças.)
(B) had already done já tinham feito (2 erros: semântica e tempo verbal "Past Perfect")
(C) were done eram feitas (2 erros: semântica e tempo verbal "Simple Past")
(D) were mostly worked foram em sua maioria trabalhados (2 erros: semântica e tempo verbal "Simple Past")
(E) have always done sempre têm feito (erro de semântica, pois não faz coesão no contexto)
➭ KEY WORDS:
• “arguably”(Pode se dizer que, sem dúvida)
/'ɑːɡ.ju.ə.bli//'ɑːrɡ.ju.ə.bli/
• “vaccine”(vacina)
/'væk.siːn//'væk.siːn/ 07 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2021)
(A) hence
(B) once
(C) ever
(D) upon
(E) likewise
👍 Comentários e Gabarito B
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:
➭ TRECHO:
• rendering what were once fatal or seriously debilitating diseases a thing of the past tornando o que antes eram doenças fatais ou gravemente debilitantes uma coisa do passado
➭ OPÇÕES DE VOCÁBULOS:
(A) hence (por isso)
(B) once (antes)(ADVÉRBIO DE TEMPO que expressa uma circunstancia de algo que aconteceu no passado e sem mais relação com o presente.)
(C) ever (sempre)
(D) upon (no momento em que)
(E) likewise (igualmente)
➭ KEY WORDS:
• “once”(antes)
/wʌns//wʌns/
• “render”(tornar, causar)
/'ren.dər//'ren.dɚ/ /'feɪ.təl//'feɪ.t̬əl/ /dɪ'ziːz//dɪ'ziːz/ 08 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2021)
(A) string
(B) flume
(C) amble
(D) track
(E) course
👍 Comentários e Gabarito E
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:
➭ TRECHO:
• thanks to a simple course of inoculations. graças a um simples procedimento de inoculações.
➭ OPÇÕES DE FORMAS VERBAIS:
(A) string (corda, fio, barbante)
(B) flume (calha, canal)
(C) amble (passo calmo)
(D) track (trilha, pista)
(E) course (curso, procedimento, processo)
https://context.reverso.net
➭ KEY WORDS:
• “course”(curso)
/kɔːs//kɔːrs/
• “inoculation”(inoculação)
/ɪˌnɒk.jə'leɪ.ʃən//ɪˌnɑː.kjə'leɪ.ʃən/ • “thanks to”(graças a, devido a)
/θæŋks tʊ//θæŋks tə/
09 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2021)
(A) halts
(B) remains
(C) perpetrates
(D) subsides
(E) lengthens
👍 Comentários e Gabarito B
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:
➭ TRECHO:
• They will always remain the heavy artillery in our fight against viruses; however, in the situation we face at present, a vaccine against COVID-19 remains some way into the future. Continuarão sempre a ser a artilharia pesada na nossa luta contra os vírus; no entanto, na situação que enfrentamos atualmente, uma vacina contra a COVID-19 que permanece de alguma maneira num futuro distante.
➭ OPÇÕES DE VERBOS:
(A) halts (parar, deter)
(B) remains (permanecer, ficar)
(C) perpetrates (perpetrar, cometer)
(D) subsides (diminuir, baixar, abrandar-se, acalmar-se)
(E) lengthens (alongar. prolongar. aumentar. estender)
➭ KEY WORDS:
• “remain”(permanecer, ficar)
/'hɑrbər//'hɑrbər/
• “future”(futuro)
/'fjuː.tʃər//'fjuː.tʃɚ/ 10 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2021)
(A) despite
(B) yonder
(C) regardless
of
(D) yet
(E) then
👍 Comentários e Gabarito D
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:
➭ TRECHO:
• What then of antiviral agents? Over the last 50 years, more than 90 drugs have been approved as antivirals, yet these target only nine human infectious diseases. E então os agentes antivirais? Nos últimos 50 anos, mais de 90 medicamentos foram aprovados como antivirais, mas estes visam apenas nove doenças infecciosas humanas.
➭ OPÇÕES DE CONECTIVOS:
(A) despite (apesar de, embora)
(B) yonder (ali, lá, acolá)
(C) regardless of (independentemente de)
(D) yet (mas, contudo, todavia)
(E) then (então, depois, em seguida)
➭ KEY WORDS:
• “yet”(mas)
/jet//jet/
• “antiviral”(antiviral)
/ˌæn.ti'vaɪə.rəl//ˌæn.t̬i'vaɪ.rəl/ ❑ TEXTO 2: Para as questões de 11 a 16, responda de acordo com
o texto a seguir.
COVID-19's impact on mobile
robotics growth
The COVID-19 pandemic is
creating the opportunity for mobile robotsto be used for various markets and
could lead to a reassessment of supply chains in the future.
Gregory Hale
Coronavirus has highlighted
use cases for mobile robotics to successfully disinfect, monitor, look over,
handle, and deliver materiais to the point where the market will grow to $23
billion by 2021, new research showed.
“Crises shift perceptions
on what is possible regarding investment and transformative action on the part
of both private and government actors,” said Rian Whitton, sênior analyst at
tech market advisory firm, ABI Research. “By the time the COVID-19 pandemic has
passed, robots will be mainstreamed across a range of applications and
markets.”
Mobile robots
on display
The virus has been a good
opportunity for companies to display robots for public applications.
One of the more popular
applications has been deploying mobile unmanned platforms with Uitravioiet (UV)
light to disinfect facilities. Danish company UVD Robots is reaping the
benefits of this opportunity and is scaling up deployments of robots to
disinfect hospitais.
U.S.-based Germ Falcon is
offering a similar UV disinfection solution for aircraft, while Chinese TMiRob
is deploying disinfection robots in Wuhan.
“Automating disinfection is
a key part of maintaining health and safety and could be one of the major
bright spots in the response to COVID-19,” Whitton said.
Drones have also been
deployed to enforce curfews and surveil areas for security purposes.
Short-and long-term
opportunities
This represents a big
opportunity for aerospace and drone companies to increase sales to government
agencies. ABI Research expects the small drone delivery market to reach $414
million by 2021 and $10.4 billion by 2030.
In the short term, to
enforce quarantine mandates, governments will need to increase their security
apparatuses, as well as the productivity of their medicai agencies. Robots will
be key to achieving that through disinfection, monitoring, and surveillance.
Furthermore, the shutting down of households and even ships represents a chance
for robot delivery companies (for both land and air) to display their worth.
The drone delivery market could take its experience with transporting supplies
in the developing world and scale up their operations in the most affected
countries.
Long-term, COVID-19 is
leading to a significant reassessment of the global manufacturing supply Chain.
America’s dependence on Chinese imports for basic equipment and medicines is
becoming a contentious issue, and government representatives are already
interpreting the crisis as a chance to revitalize the campaign to bring more
manufacturing capacity to the domestic market. If this translates into more
significant measures by governments to diversify or bringing back the
manufacturing of key goods, this could bode very well for the robotics
industry, as such changes would require big increases in CAPEX and productivity
improvements within developed countries.
COVID-19 represents a
disaster for robotics vendors building Solutions for developed markets in
manufacturing, industry, and the supply chain. But for vendors targeting
markets closerto government, such as health, security, and defense, it
represents a big opportunity.
Whitton said, “Industrial
players develop customized Solutions for non-manufacturíng use cases or look to
build comprehensive Solutions for enabling a scale-up in medicai supply
manufacturing. For mobile robotics vendors and software companies targeting
more nascent markets, this represents a big chance to highlight the importance
of robotics for dealing with national emergencies, as well as mitigating the
economic shock.”
Available at: https://isssource.com/covid-19-and-growth-of-mobile-robotics/[Accessed 1stJune 2020].
11 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2021)
Choose the correct option.
(A) Robots can
perform many tasks except for providing information about places.
(B) Despite all
efforts, governments won't have invested 23 billion dollars in this market.
(C) Coronavirus
has pointed to a specific market niche expected to increase.
(D) Robotics
will be responsible for market growth after 2021.
(E) Crises
mainly corroborate people’s concepts about financial reality.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito C
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:
Escolha a opção correta.
(A) Robots can perform many tasks except for providing information about places. Os robôs podem realizar muitas tarefas, exceto fornecer informações sobre lugares.
(B) Despite all efforts, governments won't have invested 23 billion dollars in this market. Apesar de todos os esforços, os governos não terão investido 23 mil milhões de dólares neste mercado.
(C) Coronavirus has pointed to a specific market niche expected to increase. O Coronavírus apontou para um nicho de mercado específico que deverá aumentar.
(D) Robotics will be responsible for market growth after 2021. A robótica será responsável pelo crescimento do mercado após 2021.
(E) Crises mainly corroborate people’s concepts about financial reality. As crises corroboram principalmente os conceitos das pessoas sobre a realidade financeira.
12 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2021)
Choose the correct option.
(A) Due to the
pandemic, the private sector had to create products which don't need a person
or a staff to operate them.
(B) There has
been an increase in the use of UV light to decontaminate hospitais in Norway,
the US and China.
(C) More than a
company has had positive results from the use of the equipment they produce.
(D) Governments
are considered improbable clients by a tech market advisory analyst.
(E) Although it
is necessary to guarantee general security, curfews do not apply, and this is
why drones should have its use enforced.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito C
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:
Escolha a opção correta.
(A) Due to the pandemic, the private sector had to create products which don't need a person or a staff to operate them. Devido à pandemia, o setor privado teve que criar produtos que não necessitam de pessoa ou pessoal para operá-los.
(B) There has been an increase in the use of UV light to decontaminate hospitais in Norway, the US and China. Houve um aumento no uso de luz UV para descontaminar hospitais na Noruega, nos EUA e na China.
(C) More than a company has had positive results from the use of the equipment they produce. Mais de uma empresa obteve resultados positivos com a utilização dos equipamentos que produz.
(D) Governments are considered improbable clients by a tech market advisory analyst. Os governos são considerados clientes improváveis por um analista consultivo do mercado de tecnologia.
(E) Although it is necessary to guarantee general security, curfews do not apply, and this is why drones should have its use enforced. Embora seja necessário garantir a segurança geral, o recolher obrigatório não se aplica, e é por isso que os drones devem ter a sua utilização reforçada.
13 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2021)
Consider the following extract from Text.
“In the short term, to
enforce quarantine mandates, governments will need to increase their security
apparatuses, as well as the productivity of their medicai agencies. Robots will
be key to achieving that through disinfection,
monitoring, and surveillance.”
The word “that”
refers to:
(A) cleaning
(B) term
(C) robots
(D) medicine
(E) increase
👍 Comentários e Gabarito E
TÓPICO - REFERÊNCIA PRONOMINAL:
“In the short term, to enforce quarantine mandates, governments will need to increase their security apparatuses, as well as the productivity of their medicai agencies. Robots will be key to achieving that through disinfection, monitoring, and surveillance.” A curto prazo, para fazer cumprir os mandatos de quarentena, os governos terão que aumentar os seus aparatos de segurança, bem como a produtividade das suas agências médicas. Os robôs serão fundamentais para conseguir isso através da desinfecção, monitoramento e vigilância.
A palavra “that” refere-se a:
(A) cleaning limpeza
(B) term prazo
(C) robots robôs
(D) medicine remédio
(E) increase aumentar
14 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2021)
Choose the option that
presents the definition of the word "curfews”
as in
“Drones have also been deployed to enforce curfews and surveil areas for security purposes”.
(A) cooperation
to help watch crimes for a particular reason during some time
(B) old iaws
which stop being followed in the aftermath of violent events
(C) specific
masks during certain sanitary circumstances after a disease breaks out
(D) a rule
requiring many or all people to stay home between specified hours
(E) general
city rioting after organized warfare for a short period
👍 Comentários e Gabarito D
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:
Escolha a opção que apresenta a definição da palavra "curfews”(toques de recolher) como em
“Drones have also been deployed to enforce curfews and surveil areas for security purposes”. Drones também foram implantados para impor toques de recolher e vigiar áreas para fins de segurança.
(A) cooperation to help watch crimes for a particular reason during some time cooperação para ajudar a vigiar crimes por um motivo específico durante algum tempo
(B) old iaws which stop being followed in the aftermath of violent events leis antigas que deixam de ser seguidas após eventos violentos
(C) specific masks during certain sanitary circumstances after a disease breaks out máscaras específicas durante certas circunstâncias sanitárias após o início de uma doença
(D) a rule requiring many or all people to stay home between specified hours uma regra que exige que muitas ou todas as pessoas fiquem em casa entre horários especificados
(E) general city rioting after organized warfare for a short period tumultos gerais na cidade após guerra organizada por um curto período
15 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2021)
Choose the correct option.
(A) Solutions
of broad scope were designed to increase supplies for the health area.
(B) Robots will
still be regarded as a bit unusual after the pandemic.
(C) Most
markets of future potential use robotics to deal with national emergencies.
(D) The author
believes the industrial sector has bought more robots during the pandemic.
(E) While the
pandemic lasts, the area of robotics will profit from selling equipment to any
Client.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito A
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:
Escolha a opção correta.
(A) Solutions of broad scope were designed to increase supplies for the health area. Soluções de amplo alcance foram desenhadas para aumentar a oferta para a área de saúde.
(B) Robots will still be regarded as a bit unusual after the pandemic. Os robôs ainda serão considerados um pouco incomuns após a pandemia.
(C) Most markets of future potential use robotics to deal with national emergencies. A maioria dos mercados com potencial futuro utiliza a robótica para lidar com emergências nacionais.
(D) The author believes the industrial sector has bought more robots during the pandemic. O autor acredita que o setor industrial comprou mais robôs durante a pandemia.
(E) While the pandemic lasts, the area of robotics will profit from selling equipment to any Client. Enquanto durar a pandemia, a área da robótica lucrará com a venda de equipamentos a qualquer Cliente.
16 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2021)
Choose the correct option.
(A) Countries
surely had a chance to manufacture absolutely necessary products again, so they
became independent.
(B) China has
sold state-of-the-art products.
(C) Some
countries might have a chance to have their productive capabilities increased.
(D) The
industry couldn’t come up with client-specific products during the pandemic.
(E) For some
vendors and companies, the pandemic was a time to demonstrate limited-scope
Solutions.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito C
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:
Escolha a opção correta.
(A) Countries surely had a chance to manufacture absolutely necessary products again, so they became independent. Os países certamente tiveram a oportunidade de fabricar novamente produtos absolutamente necessários, por isso tornaram-se independentes.
(B) China has sold state-of-the-art products. A China vendeu produtos de última geração.
(C) Some countries might have a chance to have their productive capabilities increased. Alguns países poderão ter a oportunidade de aumentar as suas capacidades produtivas.
(D) The industry couldn’t come up with client-specific products during the pandemic. A indústria não conseguiu apresentar produtos específicos para o cliente durante a pandemia.
(E) For some vendors and companies, the pandemic was a time to demonstrate limited-scope Solutions. Para alguns fornecedores e empresas, a pandemia foi um momento para demonstrar soluções de escopo limitado.
❑ TEXTO 3: Para as questões de 17 a 20, responda de acordo com
os textos 1 e 2 a seguir.
Text 1
Mathematical Modeling of
Epidemie Diseases; A Case Study of the COVID-19 Coronavirus
Reza Sameni
Abstract—The
outbreak of the Coronavirus COVID-19 has taken the lives of several thousands
worldwide and lockedout many countries and regions, with yet unpredictable
global consequences. In this research we study the epidemic patterns of this
virus, from a mathematical modeling perspective. The study is based on an
extension of the well-known susceptible-infectedrecovered (SIR) family of
compartmental models. It is shown how social measures such as distancing,
regional lockdowns, quarantine and global public health vigilance influence the
model parameters, which can eventually change the mortality rates and active
contaminated cases over time, in the real world. As with all mathematical
models, the predictive ability of the model is limited by the accuracy of the
available data and to the so-called levei of abstraction used for modeling the
problem. In order to provide the broader audience of researchers a better
understanding of spreading patterns of epidemic diseases, a short introduction
on biological systems modeling is also presented and the Matlab source codes
for the simulations are provided online.
I. Introduction
Since the outbreak of the
Coronavirus COVID-19 in January 2020, the virus has affected most countries and
taken the lives of several thousands of people worldwide. By March 2020, the
World Health Organization (WHO) declared the situation a pandemic, the first of
its kind in our generation. To date, many countries and regions have been
locked-down and applied strict social distancing measures to stop the virus
propagation. From a strategic and healthcare management perspective, the
propagation pattern of the disease and the prediction of its spread over time
is of great importance to save lives and to minimize the social and economic
consequences of the disease. Within the scientific community, the problem of
interest has been studied in various communities including mathematical
epidemiology, biological systems modeling, signal Processing and control
engineering.
In this study, epidemic
outbreaks are studied from an interdisciplinary perspective, by using an
extension of the susceptibleexposed-infected-recovered (SEIR) model, which is a
mathematical compartmental model based on the average behavior of a population
under study. The objective is to provide researchers a better understanding of
the significance of mathematical modeling for epidemic diseases. It is shown by
simulation how social measures such as distancing, regional lockdowns and
public health vigilance can influence the model parameters, which in turn
change the mortality rates and active contaminated cases over time.
It should be highlighted
that mathematical models applied to real-world systems (social, biological,
economical, etc.) are only valid under their assumptions and hypothesis.
Therefore, this research—and similar ones—that address epidemic patterns do not
convey direct clinicai information and dangers for the public, but they should
rather be used by healthcare strategists for better planning and decision
making. Hence, the study of this work is only recommended for researchers
familiar with the strength points and limitations of mathematical modeling of
biological systems. The Matlab codes required for reproducing the results of
this research are also online available in the Git repository of the project.
In Section II, a brief introduction to mathematical modeling of biological systems is presented
to highlight the scope of the present study and to open perspectives for the
interested researchers, who may be less familiar with the context. The proposed
model for the outspread of the Coronavirus is presented in Section III. The
article is concluded with some general remarks and future perspectives.
Adapted from:
Mathematical Modeling of Epidemic Diseases;
A Case Study of COVID-19 Coronavirus.
Available at: [Accessed 61h June 2020].
Text 2
Mathematical modeling of
the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) taking into account the
undetected infections. The case of China.
B. Ivorra, M. R. Ferrández,
M. Vela-Pérez
and A. M. Ramosa
Abstract
In this paper we develop a
mathematical model for the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
It is a new 0-SEIHRD model (not a SIR, SEIR or other general purpose model),
which takes into account the known special characteristics of this disease, as
the existence of infectious undetected cases and the different sanitary and
infectiousness conditions of hospitalized people. In particular, it includes a
novel approach that considers the fraction 0 of detected cases over the real
total infected cases, which allows to study the importance of this ratio on the
impact of COVID-19. The model is also able to estimate the needs of beds in
hospitais. It is complex enough to capture the most important effects, but also
simple enough to allow an affordable identification of its parameters, using
the data that authorities report on this pandemic.
We study the particular
case of China (including Chinese Mainland, Macao, Hong-Kong and Taiwan, as done
by the World Health Organization in its reports on COVID-19), and use its
reported data to identify the model parameters, which can be of interest for
estimating the spread of COVID-19 in other countries. We show a good agreement
between the reported data and the estimations given by our model. We also study
the behavior of the outputs returned by our model when considering incomplete
reported data (by truncating them at some dates before and after the peak of
daily reported cases). By comparing those results, we can estimate the error
produced by the model when identifying the parameters at early stages of the
pandemic. Finally, taking into account the advantages of the novelties
introduced by our model, we study different scenarios to show how different
values of the percentage of detected cases would have changed the global
magnitude of COVID-19 in China, which can be of interest for policy makers.
Keywords:
Mathematical model, 6-SEIHRD model, COVID-19, Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2,
Pandemic, Numerical simulation, Parameter estimation
1. Introduction
Modeling and simulation are
important decision tools that can be useful to control human and animal
diseases. However, since each disease exhibits its own particular biological
characteristics, the models need to be adapted to each specific case in orderto
be able to tackle real situations.
Coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19) is an infectious disease emerging in China in December 2019 that has
rapidly spread around China and many other countries. On 11 February 2020, the
World Health Organization (WHO) renamed the epidemic disease caused by
2019-nCoV as strain severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARSCoV-2).
This is a new virus and a
completely new situation. On 30 January 2020, WHO declared it to be a Public
Health Emergency of International Concern. As of 11 March 2020, the disease was
confirmed in more than 118,000 cases reported globally in 114 18 countries,
more than 90 percent of cases are in just four countries (two of those China
and the Republic of Korea - have significantly declining epidemics) and WHO
declared it to be a pandemic, the first one caused by a coronavirus. On 1 April
2020 there are 872,481 and 43,275 official reported cases and deaths,
respectively, and there is no vaccine specifically designed for this virus,
with proven effectiveness.
There are some mathematical
models in the literature that try to describe the dynamics of the evolution of
COVID-19. (...) Other works, propose SEIR type models with little variations
and some of them incorporate stochastic components. COVID-19 is a disease
caused by a new virus, which is generating a worldwide emergency situation and needs a model taking
into account its known specific characteristics.
Adapted from:Mathamatical modeling of thespread of he coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19) taking into account the undetected infections. The case of China.ln: Elsevier Public Health Emergency
Collection, 2020.Avaliable at:<https://www.mcbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7190554/>
[Accessed4thJune2020].
17 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2021)
Choose the correct option.
(A) If the
authors of both articles hadn't used the same mathematical models, they would
have arrived at different results.
(B)
Predictability of a model depends on accessible data and degree of abstraction.
(C) The way
people are hospitalized is taken into account in both studies.
(D) It is
important to know the pattern of how COVID-19 disseminates but not how long it
will take to disperse over time.
(E) The way
people behave doesn't interfere with the result of the mathematical model that
shows the flow of the pandemic.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito B
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:
18 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2021)
Choose the correct option.
(A) In Text 2,
information from China was used to identify the model parameters so that
different countries could calculate the dissemination of COVID-19.
(B) For the
authors of both articles, it is clear that it is impossible to estimate the
errors of the models at any time.
(C) Regarding
Text 1, common readers may have various questions answered since the study
hasn't been targeted to a specific audience.
(D) The
mathematical models which try to understand the disease do not need to be
adjusted in any of the studies.
(E) According
to Text 2, in March, less than a hundred countries had had reported cases of
the new disease. Most of them had been in Asia.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito A
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:
19 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2021)
Choose the correct
option.
(A) According
to the Text 1, mathematical models not always need to be determined according
to assumptions of reality when the aim is to try to predict what might happen.
(B) The authors
of both texts could deal with incomplete data in the research each group was
responsible for.
(C) The authors
of Text 2 restricted their study to the dynamics of the disease in May since
their model has introduced novelties.
(D) Since
Matlab source codes are provided, the accuracy of each study can be checked
online, so other researchers can reproduce the results.
(E) In Text 1,
it is mentioned the study briefly explains biological systems modelling so that
more scientists could understand how the disease dispersed.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito E
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:
20 – (IME-VESTIBULAR/2021)
Choose the option in which the meaning of to convey is the same as in
"(...) Therefore, this research- and
similar ones- that address epidemic patterns do not convey direct clinical
information and dangers for the public, (...)". (Text 1).
a) "For
the past 30 years, developers of multi-family properties have been able to
subdivide their property into individual units which could be conveyed to third parties
without the need to obtain subdivision approval."
Available at:
<https://corporate.findlaw.com/business--0perations/land-condomi
niums-areative-way-to-convey-property-without.html>
b) "The
Transmission Unes carry electricity over extended distances, from the
generating facility to different areas where they're needed. The electricity in
transmission lines is conveyed
at voltages of above 200 kV to amplify efficiency."
Available at:
<https://www.renaissancepowerandgas.com/how-
<loes-eleclricity-get-to-my-home/>
c) "The
Atlantic and its marginal seas have been used as oceanic highways to convey goods and passengers
since humans first ventured onto the sea. The earliest records of extensive
trading networks in the world are from the Egyptian, Phoenician, Greek, and
Roman civilizations."
Available at:
<https://www.britannica.com/place/
Atlantic-Ocean/Minerals-from-seawater>
d) "We
carne to the conclusion, We Want to Play, their message might have been conveyed differently but at the
end of the day the message wasn't too far off from what Big Ten United wanted
to promote," Reynolds said."
Available at:
<https://fox11online.com/sports/college/
players-unite-in-push-to-save-college-season>
e) "The
great difficulty to be overcome was the badness of the air, which got worse as
the mountain was penetrated deeply. The blasting occasioned vast accumulations
of foul air, which hung in the workings by reason of the gradients ascending
from the Italian side. However, pure air was conveyed by the compressing apparatus in sufficient
quantities to sustain the workmen."
Available at:
<https://www.amazon.in/Fruit-Between-
Leaves-Andrew-Wynter/dp/115044341
3>
👍 Comentários e Gabarito D
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:
