PHRASAL VERBS – QUESTÕES DE CONCURSOS COM GABARITO – LÍNGUA INGLESA – http://www.inglesparaconcursos.blog.br/.

Welcome back to another post!

01 – (ALTERNATIVE CONCURSOS-2021-PM/SMBV/SC-PROFESSOR)

Indicate the incorrect meaning of a phrasal verb:

(A) come upon = suffer without protest

(B) come about = happen

(C) come back = return

(D) come across = find by chance

(E) come along = accompany

__RESPOSTA (A)__

(A) come upon = suffer without protest

• COME UPON = TO FIND, DISCOVER or ENCOUNTER BY CHANCE – ENCONTRAR POR ACASO – encontrar algo ou encontrar alguém inesperadamente.
• We came upon a charming little restaurant as we cycled through the countryside. – ENCONTRAMOS POR ACASO um pequeno restaurante encantador enquanto pedalávamos pelo campo. [The Free Dictionary]
• TAKE LYING DOWN = suffer without protest, Submit to an insult, rebuke, or other harsh treatment without resisting.
• You'll never be respected around here if you keep taking these taunts lying down. – Você nunca será respeitado por aqui se continuar recebendo essas provocações sem protestar. [The Free Dictionary]

(B) come about = happen, (TO HAPPEN or MATERIALIZE)

• I didn't realize that you were dating John. How did that come about? – Eu não sabia que você estava namorando John. Como isso aconteceu? [The Free Dictionary]

(C) come back = return (TO RETURN TO SOMEONE OR SOMETHING, often a place or situation) 

• We're coming back from our vacation on Tuesday. – Estamos voltando de nossas férias na terça-feira. [The Free Dictionary]

(D) come across = find by chance (TO COME UPON)

• I came across my old college roommate in town today. – Encontrei meu antigo colega de faculdade na cidade hoje. [The Free Dictionary]

(E) come along = accompany (TO ACCOMPANY or TO GO WITH SOMEONE)

• Are you coming along with us today? – Você nos acompanha hoje? [The Free Dictionary]

➧ INSTRUÇÃO: Read text and answer question 02:

Meet the new neighbours

(...)

West Nile virus arrived in America in 1999 and made it to California three years later. Since then it is known to have infected 2,300 people in the state, of whom 76 have died… In theory, owners are supposed to keep their properties in decent shape whether they live there or not. California has even passed a bill fining banks and mortgage companies that seize properties and then allow pools to fester. But Mr. Bobbitt isn’t waiting for the lawyers. He has treated the pool in Santa Ana with oil and synthetic growth hormones, which will keep the mosquitoes adolescent, preventing breeding. Then he tips in a few dozen mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis), which begin happily munching larvae. You can buy a lot of the fish for what a lawyer charges per hour, and some authorities, with commendable creativity, even provide them free to help control the pests.

(from The Economist, August 2d, 2008, p. 34)

02 – (FGV-2008-SENADO FEDERAL-ANALISTA LEGISLATIVO)

When

“mortgage companies seize properties” 

this means they

(A) take them down.

(B) take them off.

(C) take them away.

(D) take them out.

(E) take them apart.

__RESPOSTA (C)__

• IDEIA CONTEXTUAL - AS EMPRESAS HIPOTECÁRIAS ESTÃO CONFISCANDO AS PROPRIEDADES DE SEUS DONOS,
• Cabe o phrasal verb TO TAKE SOMETHING AWAY FROM SOMEONE, que no contexto, podemos reescrever como THEY TAKE THEM AWAY, que significa, ELAS (EMPRESAS) ESTÃO CONFISCANDO AS PROPRIEDADES DE SEUS DONOS. 

(A) take them down. (TO DISMANTLE or DISASSEMBLE a large object or structure)

• They're taking the statue down today. –  Eles estão desmontando a estátua hoje.[The Free Dictionary]

(B) take them off. (TO REMOVE A PIECE OF CLOTING)

• He sat on the bed to take his boots off. –  Sentou-se na cama para tirar as botas.  [Longman Dictionary]

(C) take them away. (TO CONFISCATE - to officially remove someone’s possessions for legal reasons)

• TO CONFISCATE – to officially remove someone’s possessions for legal reasons [Macmillan Dictionary]

(D) take them out. (TO REMOVE SOMETHING FROM INSIDE SOMEBODY'S BODY, especially a part of it)

• How many teeth did the dentist take out? – Quantos dentes o dentista extraiu? [Oxford Dictionary]

(E) take them apart. (TO DISMANTLE - DESMONTAR)

• Suzy loves taking electronics apart and figuring out how to put them back together again. – Suzy adora desmontar eletrônicos e descobrir como montá-los novamente. [The Free Dictionary]

➧ INSTRUÇÃO: Read text and answer question 03:

Here is a text from a guide to buying translations:

Translation: getting it right

For non-linguists, buying in translation is often a source of frustration. The suggestions in this brochure are aimed at reducing stress.

Think international from the start. Avoid culture-bound clichés. References to your national sport may well fall flat. Ditto literary/cultural metaphors. Tread carefully with references to parts of the human body, viewed differently by different cultures.
            

For written documents, don't box yourself in by linking your pitch to visuals that may not carry the same meaning outside your native country – forcing translators to resort to cumbersome wordplay and workarounds. In January 1998 PM Tony Blair told a group of Japanese businessmen that his government intended to go “the full monty” in putting the UK economy on a sound footing. Blank faces: the film had not yet been released in Japan.
            

Keep some local flavour if you like, but check with your foreign-text team to make sure that adaptation is possible. For written documents, be sure to include international calling codes for telephone and fax…
            

How important is style? Some translations are no-hopers from the start. Often these are raw machine translation, or the work of non-native speakers struggling away with a grammar book in one hand and a dictionary in the other. They are good for a laugh. Other translations are technically accurate, yet the sentences do not flow as smoothly as they might; word order or choice of vocabulary may be unduly influenced by the original language. They are not particularly effective for selling, but may be good enough for readers who know the subject and can – or have time to – read between the lines.

(adapted from http://www.fit-ift.org/download/getright2-en.pdf)

03 – (FGV-2008-SENADO FEDERAL-ANALISTA LEGISLATIVO-TRADUTOR)

When the suggestions "are aimed at reducing stress" (lines 4-5),

this means they intend to

(A) cut it out.
(B) cut it down.
(C) cut it up.
(D) cut it off.
(E) cut it loose.

__RESPOSTA (B)__

Quando as sugestões "visam reduzir o estresse", isso significa que eles pretendem ...

(A) cut it out. (PARAR ALGO)

• "Cut out that noise!" (Pare esse barulho!)
• "Cut it out!" (Pare com isso!).

(B) cut it down. (DIMINUIR/REDUZIR ALGUMA COISA, O CONSUMO DE ALGO, A ATIVIDADE DE ALGO)

• "Cut down the prices!" (Reduza os preços!),"Cut down on salt!" (Reduza o sal!),"Cut drinking down!" (Reduza a bebida!).

(C) cut it up.  (CORTAR ALGO EM VÁRIOS PEDAÇOS)
(D) cut it off.  (CORTAR A CONVERSA DE ALGUÉM)
(E) cut it loose. (SOLTAR ALGO ou DEMITIR OU DESLIGAR-SE DE UMA EMPRESA)

 Welcome back to another post!

➧ TEXT: 

Why learn a foreign language?

Benefits of bilingualism 

Learning a foreign language is more than just a boost to your CV or handy for travelling.

By Anne Merritt

(EFL lecturer currently based in South Korea)

Physiological studies have found that speaking two or more languages is a great asset to the cognitive process. The brains of bilingual people operate differently than single language speakers, and these differences offer several mental benefits.

You become smarter

Speaking a foreign language improves the functionality of your brain by challenging it to recognize, negotiate meaning, and communicate in different language systems. This skill boosts your ability to negotiate meaning in other problem-solving tasks as well. Students who study foreign languages tend to score better on standardized tests than their monolingual peers, particularly in the categories of math, reading, and vocabulary.

You build multitasking skills

Multilingual people, especially children, are skilled at switching between two systems of speech, writing, and structure. According to a study from the Pennsylvania State University, this “juggling” skill makes them good multitaskers, because they can easily switch between different structures. In one study, participants used a driving simulator while doing separate, distracting tasks at the same time. The research found that people who spoke more than one language made fewer errors in their driving.

You stave off Alzheimer’s and dementia

For monolingual adults, the mean age for the first signs of dementia is 71.4. For adults who speak two or more languages, the mean age for those first signs is 75.5. Studies considered factors such as education level, income level, gender, and physical health, but the results were consistent. 

Your memory improves

Educators often liken the brain to a muscle, because it functions better with exercise. Learning a language involves memorizing rules and vocabulary, which helps strengthen that mental “muscle.” This exercise improves overall memory, which means that multiple language speakers are better at remembering lists or sequences. Studies show that bilinguals are better at retaining shopping lists, names, and directions. 

Your decision-making skills improve

According to a study from the University of Chicago, bilinguals tend to make more rational decisions. Any language contains nuance and subtle implications in its vocabulary, and these biases can subconsciously influence your judgment. Bilinguals are more confident with their choices after thinking it over in the second language and seeing whether their initial conclusions still stand up.

Available on: <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/

educationopinion/10126883/Why-learn-a-foreign-languageBenefits-of-bilingualism.html> (Edited).

04 – (FUNDEP-2016-PMU/MG-PROFESSOR)

QUESTÃO – (FUNDEP-2016-PMU/MG-PROFESSOR)

Read this phrase from the text and analyze its structure.

“You stave off Alzheimer’s and dementia”

The element “stave off” is a phrasal verb and means “to prevent something unpleasant from happening for a period of time”.

“Stave off” could be replaced without change of meaning by all the following phrasal verbs, EXCEPT:

A) fend off

B) blow off

C) hold off

D) ward off

Resposta :  B

➧ Questão sobre PHRASAL VERBS:

➧ DICAS IMPORTANTES:

➧ STAVE OFF (= fend off, hold off, ward off) — EVITAR ALGO RUIM OU INDESEJÁVEL TEMPORARIAMENTE, IMPEDIR, COMBATER, ADIAR.

• The lost hiker could not stave off her hunger any longer. — A alpinista perdida não conseguia mais IMPEDIR sua fome. [The free Dictionary]

• The police officer fended off the blows with his riot shield. — O policial COMBATEU os golpes com seu escudo antimotim. [Oxford Dictionary]

• Let's hold off making a decision until next week. - Vamos adiar a decisão até a próxima semana.. [Cambridge Dictionary]

• He used his umbrella to ward off the fierce sun. — Ele usou seu guarda-chuva para EVITAR o sol forte. [Cambridge Dictionary]

➧ BLOW OFF   — IGNORAR ALGO, POSTERGAR UMA TAREFA, "DAR O CANO EM ALGUÉM", NÃO IR A UM EVENTO IMPORTANTE DELIBERADAMENTE.

• Aren’t you going to the meeting?" "No, I’m going to blow it off." — Você não vai à reunião?" "Não, vou dar um cano a essa reunião." [Cambridge Dictionary]
• Just blow off his comments, he's only joking. — Apenas ignore os comentários dele, ele está apenas brincando. [Cambridge Dictionary]

➧ RESOLUÇÃO RÁPIDA CONTEXTUAL:

“Stave off” could be replaced without change of meaning by all the following phrasal verbs, EXCEPT:

(“Stave off” poderia ser substituído sem mudança de significado por todos os seguintes phrasal verbs, EXCETO:)

A) fend off (EVITAR)

B) blow off (IGNORAR)

C) hold off (EVITAR)

D) ward off (EVITAR)

➧ TEXT :

PRESIDENT OF GUINEA-BISSAU IS KILLED

Summary:
03 March 2009
Guinea-Bissau president shot dead

(...)

Report:

A military spokesman told the French news agency that President Nino Vieira was killed by the army as he tried to flee his house. There was heavy gunfire around the presidential palace during the night. A few hours earlier the head of the armed forces, General Tagme Na Waie was killed when a bomb blew up in the military headquarters.

(...)

Will Ross, BBC news,Accra. (Adapted from ) http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/ language/wordsinthenews

(FUNCAB-2009-PM/PIRAÍ/RJ-PROFESSOR)

According to the text, “General Tagme Na Waie was killed when a bomb blew up in the military headquarters”. (1 paragraph) 

The phrasal verb “blew up” means:

A) exploded;
B) caught fire;
C) was dropped;
D) was defused;
E) was assembled.

Resposta :  A

- Questão sobre PHRASAL VERB – TO BLOW UP SOMETHING:

• TO BLOW UP SOMETHING (= to destroy something, or to be destroyed, by an explosion) - EXPLODIR, DESTRUIR ALGO DEVIDO UMA EXPLOSÃO.

• Rebels attempted to blow up the bridge. - Os rebeldes tentaram explodir a ponte. [Longman Dictionary]
• They used plastic explosive to blow up the bridge. - Eles usaram explosivo plástico para explodir a ponte. [Cambridge Dictionary]
• The plane blew up in midair. - O avião explodiu no ar. [Longman Dictionary]
• He drove over a landmine and his Jeep blew up. - Ele passou por cima de uma mina terrestre e seu Jeep explodiu. [Cambridge Dictionary]
• They threatened to blow up the plane if their demands were not met. - Eles ameaçaram explodir o avião se suas exigências não fossem atendidas. [Cambridge Dictionary]
• A small band of guerrillas has blown up a train in the mountains. - Um pequeno bando de guerrilheiros explodiu um trem nas montanhas. [Cambridge Dictionary]

- NO TEXTO:

• A few hours earlier the head of the armed forces, General Tagme Na Waie was killed when a bomb blew up in the military headquarters.
• Algumas horas antes, o chefe das Forças Armadas, general Tagme Na Waie, foi morto quando uma bomba explodiu no quartel-general militar.
• Contextualmente, o phrasasl verb "BLEW UP" significa EXPLODED.

- RESOLUÇÃO RÁPIDA:

According to the text, “General Tagme Na Waie was killed when a bomb blew up in the military headquarters”. (1 paragraph) 

The phrasal verb “blew up” means:

A) exploded; (EXPLODIU)
B) caught fire; (PEGOU FOGO)
C) was dropped; (FOI LANÇADA)
D) was defused; (FOI DESARMADA)
E) was assembled. (FOI MONTADA)