IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016–COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION, ANSWERS & LEXICAL APPROACH.

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❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:

• IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016-INSTITUTO MILITAR DE ENGENHARIA.

❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:

• 25 Multiple Choice Questions / 5 Options Each Question.

❑ TEXT: Para as questões de 01 a 10, escolha a alternativa que completa o texto 1 corretamente . 

Water: Unclogging the finance 

How to improve water systems is one challenge; financing them is another. Public authorities in most countries play the main role in implementing and funding water infrastructure, but it is a model that is under increasing pressure, with government budgets __01__ and banks still prudent about issuing credit.

There is no generic funding model that can be applied to every need; the sheer diversity of water infrastructures and sources of financing __02__ to be identified, scanned and tapped in line with particular investment types and needs.

There may be small-scale projects initiated by local entrepreneurs, or large infrastructures that serve multiple __03__, such as energy and heavy manufacturing. Some investments may involve green ecosystems to supply, store or filter water.

Not only will these infrastructures have different financing needs, but will access funds in different ways, for instance through capital markets, loans, funds, public expenditures, etc.

Take large dams and large reservoirs. These are costly, long-term affairs. The Three Gorges Dam project in China, for instance, could cost over US$22 billion, according to government __04__, including construction, relocation of residents and financing costs.

Moreover, cost recovery is not expected to occur for 10 years after full operation starts.

Such major projects tend to be financed __05__ major development banks such as the Asian Development Bank and World Bank, and institutional investors such as pension funds. The sources for long-term financing are expanding, with the emergence of sovereign funds and philanthropists, __06__ of new groups like the Chinese-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, __07___ opened in March 2015.

But before leaping into major __08__ such as dams, policymakers must answer several questions. Will the construction lock them in and still be valuable in 25, 50 or 100 years’ time? After all, there are several cases of investments that have fallen into disuse or underuse, such as a desalination __09__ in Sydney that was built during a severe but temporary drought, and dams in France’s Loire Valley that are now being decommissioned at some cost. Had a more forwardprobing 'value options' approach been used in planning them, they __10__ in the first place.

(...)

• Disponível em http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/4825/Water:_Unclogging_the_finance.html#sthash.kRhyDJ1.dpuf Acesso em 16 Abr 2015.

01 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016)

(A) outcropped
(B) thrilled
(C) coated
(D) mingled
(E) stretched

      Comentários e Gabarito    E  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

• How to improve water systems is one challenge; financing them is another. Public authorities in most countries play the main role in implementing and funding water infrastructure, but it is a model that is under increasing pressure, with government budgets stretched and banks still prudent about issuing credit.
• Como melhorar os sistemas de água é um desafio; financiá-los é outra. As autoridades públicas na maioria dos países desempenham o papel principal na implementação e financiamento de infraestruturas hídricas, mas trata-se de um modelo que está sob pressão crescente, com os orçamentos governamentais sobrecarregados e os bancos ainda prudentes na emissão de crédito.

(A) outcropped (ultrapassados)
(B) thrilled (entusiasmados, emocionados)

(C) coated (revestidos)

(D) mingled (misturados)

(E) stretched (SOBRECARREGADOS, ESTICADOS, ESTOURADOS)

02 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016)

(A) dare
(B) nobble
(C) need
(D) chase
(E) snarf

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

• There is no generic funding model that can be applied to every need; the sheer diversity of water infrastructures and sources of financing need to be identified, scanned and tapped in line with particular investment types and needs.
• Não existe um modelo de financiamento genérico que possa ser aplicado a todas as necessidades; a enorme diversidade de infraestruturas hídricas e de fontes de financiamento necessita ser identificada, analisada e explorada de acordo com tipos e necessidades específicas de investimento.

(A) dare (=be brave or ask someone to do something that involves risk)

(B) nobble ("bribe, corrupt, suborn", corromper, subornar)

(C) need (= must do, must have)
(D) chase (= hurry after someone or something in order to catch him, her, or it)
(E) snarf (= "eat something very quickly" or "take something without permission" 

03 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016)

(A) deeds
(B) purposes
(C) flicks
(D) backlashes
(E) origins

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: 

04 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016)

(A) estimates
(B) percentages
(C) shares
(D) denominations
(E) measures

      Comentários e Gabarito    A  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: 

05 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016)

(A) below
(B) on
(C) of
(D) by
(E) for

      Comentários e Gabarito    D  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: 

06 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016)

(A) as well as
(B) as badly as
(C) so obnoxious as
(D) such modern as
(E) not so good as

      Comentários e Gabarito    A  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: 

07 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016)

(A) that
(B) who
(C) whose
(D) what
(E) which

      Comentários e Gabarito    E  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: 

08 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016)

(A) slowdowns
(B) forbearances
(C) undertakings
(D) upheavals
(E) counterblasts

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: 

09 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016)

(A) policy
(B) gumption
(C) loafing
(D) plant
(E) cluster

      Comentários e Gabarito    D  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: 

10 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016)

(A) had been constructed
(B) might not have been built
(C) had been designed
(D) wouldn't have blown up
(E) could have been raised

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: 

• Para as questões de 11 a 13, escolha a alternativa correta de acordo com o texto 2 a seguir.

MATERIALS OF IMPORTANCE

Carbonated Beverages Containers One common item that presents some interesting material property requirements is the container for carbonated beverages. The material used for this application must satisfy the following constraints: provide a barrier to the passage of carbon dioxide, which is under pressure in the container; be nontoxic, unreactive with the beverage, and, preferably be recyclable; be relatively strong, and capable of surviving a drop from a height of several feet when containing the beverage; be inexpensive and the cost to fabricate the final shape should be relatively low; if ptically transparent, retain its optical clarity; and capable of being produced having different colors and/or able to be adorned with decorative labels. 

All three of the basic material types — metal (aluminum), ceramic (glass), and polymer (polyester plastic) — are used for carbonated beverage containers. All of these materials are nontoxic and unreactive with beverages. In addition, each material has its pros and cons. For example, the aluminum alloy is relatively strong (but easily dented), is a very good barrier to the diffusion of carbon dioxide, is easily recycled, beverages are cooled rapidly, and labels may be painted onto its surface.

On the other hand, the cans are optically opaque, and relatively expensive to produce. Glass is impervious to the passage of carbon dioxide, is a relatively inexpensive material, may be recycled, but it cracks and fractures easily, and glass bottles are relatively heavy. Whereas the plastic is relatively strong,  may be made optically transparent, is inexpensive and lightweight, and is recyclable, it is not as impervious to the passage of carbon dioxide as the aluminum and glass. For example, you may have noticed that beverages in aluminum and glass containers retain their carbonization (i.e., 'fizz') for several years, whereas those in two-liter plastic bottles 'go flat' within a few months.

Disponível em https://onedrive.live.com/view.aspx?resid=FA116F188700E8B6!608&ithint=file%2cpdf&app=WordPdf&authkey=!AcrrQAFlJ83JGjU Acesso em 15 Abr 2015.

11 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016)

(A) The container doesn't need to hold any pressure inside itself.
(B) Carbonated beverages containers mustn't present more than six specific characteristics.
(C) It is important that the container withstand impacts.
(D) Carbonated beverages must react with container material in the presence of light.
(E) A trend in the market might lower the price of the final shape of containers.

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: 

12 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016)

(A) Despite all the pros the aluminum alloy containers present, they're not optically transparent.
(B) Seldom do we see depressions on aluminum alloy beverages containers.
(C) Because carbon dioxide can be diffused, beverages in aluminum alloy containers cool easily.
(D) No matter how dark an aluminum alloy container is, its final price is cheaper when compared to other types of container materials.
(E) Aluminum alloy containers could be easily recycled for they are cooled rapidly.

      Comentários e Gabarito    A  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: 

13 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016)

(A) Had carbon dioxide retention been proved possible, plastic bottles wouldn't have been used up to now.
(B) Carbon dioxide retention is not a positive feature glass bottles present.
(C) Due to polymer and ceramic characteristics, containers made of these materials might become lightweight when holding beverages.
(D) Even though ceramic and metal containers are not very cheap, they are light for consumers to carry.
(E) While glass breaks easily, plastic is considered relatively strong.

      Comentários e Gabarito    E  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: 

• Para as questões de 14 a 16, escolha a alternativa correta de acordo com o texto 3 a seguir (INSTITUTO MILITAR DE ENGENHARIA – IME – 2015/2016): 

Xerox and the Icarus Paradox

Schilling, Melissa A.

Strategic Management of Technological Innovation, Mc Graw-Hill International Edition, Fourth Edition

According to Greek mythology, when King Minos imprisoned the crafstman Daedalus and his son Icarus, Daedalus built wings of wax and feathers so that he and his son could fly to their escape. Icarus was so enthralled by his wings and drawn to the light of the sun that despite his father's warning, he flew too high. The sun melted his wings, crashing Icarus to death in the sea. This was the inspiration for the now well-known Icarus Paradox – that which you excel at can ultimately be your undoing. Success can engender overconfidence, carelessness, and an unquestioning adherence to one's way of doing things.

For example, in the 1960s and 1970s, Xerox had such a stranglehold on the photocopier market that it did not pay much attention when new Japanese competition began to infiltrate the market for smaller, inexpensive copiers. Xerox management did not believe competitors would ever be able to produce machines comparable to Xerox's quality and cost. However, Xerox was dangerously wrong. By the mid-1970s, Xerox was losing market share to the Japanese at an alarming rate. When Canon introduced a copier that sold for less than Xerox's manufacturing costs, Xerox knew it was in trouble and had to engage in a major benchmarking and restructuring effort to turn the company around.

14 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016) The synonym for "enthralled"

• in "Icarus was so enthralled by his wings (...)" is:

(A) braided
(B) loosened
(C) discharged
(D) captivated
(E) acquitted

      Comentários e Gabarito    D  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: 

15 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016) The antonym of "engender" in the sentence:

• "Success can engender overconfidence (...)" is:

(A) bring about
(B) trigger
(C) turn in
(D) hinder
(E) kindle

      Comentários e Gabarito    D  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: 

16 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016) What Icarus and the Xerox have in common is that

(A) both were advised by someone else about their risky behavior, and neither of them took it seriously.
(B) overconfidence and lack of attention led to negative effects.
(C) benchmarking was the alternative for the company as it would be for the mythological character.
(D) in both cases, the comfort zone would not actually cause any loss.
(E) they had outperformed others in just one aspect when they ventured at something new.

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: 

• Para as questões de 17 a 19, escolha a alternativa correta de acordo com o texto 4 a seguir (INSTITUTO MILITAR DE ENGENHARIA – IME – 2015/2016):

Case Study 1: Damage Assessment in the Philippines after Typhoon Haiyan

In November 2013, Super Typhoon Haiyan devastated the city of Tacloban in the Philippines. Soon after, a case the size of a backpack arrived, accompanied by a small team of experts. This pilot project to bring in a UAV, with a range of up to five kilometers and a high-resolution video camera, to assist humanitarian responders was the work of a partnership between several private sector firms and NetHope, a consortium of NGOs.

The Philippines lacked the necessary regulations, so the use of the UAV was cleared by a special agreement with the Mayor of Tacloban. The UAV was covered with insurance that covered damage or injury due to malfunction.

The UAV was used first to identify where to set up a base of operations, and then to check if roads were passable, a task that could take days when done on foot or by helicopter. The UAV was also flown up the coast to evaluate damage from storm surge and flooding and to see which villages had been affected. The aerial assessments "really helped to speed up …efforts, cut down on wasted time and work, and make them more accurate in their targeting of assistance." It was also suggested that the UAV might have located survivors in the rubble using infrared cameras if it had arrived within 72 hours.

Interest is building in developing local capacity for using UAVs in disaster response. SkyEye Inc., a local start-up, is working with the Ateneo de Manila University to train five teams across the Philippines to locally deploy UAVs in preparation for next typhoon season.

UAV= unmanned aerial vehicle
NGOs= Non-Governmental Organizations

Disponível em http://www.unocha.org/about-us/publications/flagship-publications/*/72 Acesso

em 15 Abr 2015.

17 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016)

(A) The UAV wouldn't have been taken to the Philippines if some NGOs hadn't been the only ones dealing with the United Nations in a partnership.
(B) Since the Asian country didn't have previous rules on the use of UAV, a deal was made with a mayor.
(C) Humanitarian responders couldn't have the help of any type of aerial assessment in this catastrophe occurred in Tacloban.
(D) The equipment was in a container no bigger than a backpack whereas it could evaluate an area larger than 5 kilometers of extension.
(E) The consequences of the typhoon damaged the UAV, so it had to be covered by an insurance.

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: 

18 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016)

(A) Infrared cameras were essential to save people even after the 72- hour time limit.
(B) Assistance was precisely targeted due to the use of infrared UAV in less than 72 hours after the typhoon.
(C) Some people under the debris were found alive because UAVs with specific technology were used in time.
(D) Humanitarian responders could have cut down on wasted time if UAVs had also been equipped with aerial assessments.
(E) It is believed that had UAVs arrived up to 72 hours after the typhoon, some people wouldn't have died.

      Comentários e Gabarito    E  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: 

19 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016) An advantage of using the UAV is that it

(A) can face sudden storm surge and flooding
(B) was cleared due to damage and malfunction.
(C) increases the speed to check if roads are passable.
(D) evaluates damage and risk of time reduction.
(E) helped to make target a helpful assistance in affected villages.

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: 

• Para a questão 20, escolha a oração que completa a lacuna do texto abaixo mantendo o sentido do parágrafo como um todo (INSTITUTO MILITAR DE ENGENHARIA – IME – 2015/2016):

"If we lived on a planet where nothing ever changed, there would be little to do. There would be nothing to figure out. There would be no impetus for science. And if we lived in an unpredictable world, where things changed in random or very complex ways, we would not be able to figure things out. __________________. If I throw a stick up in the air, it always falls down. If the sun sets in the west, it always rises again the next morning in the east. And so it becomes possible to figure things out. We can do science, and with it we can improve our lives."

Carl Sagan, http://todayinsci.com/S/Sagan_Carl/SaganCarl-Quotations.htm

Acessado em 14 de Abril de 2015.

20 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016)

(A) Although this, we live in a changing world, where rules created by mother Nature are always followed.
(B) But we live in an in-between universe, where things change according to patterns, rules, or as we call them, laws of nature.
(C) Provided that nothing is deep-seated on Earth, life will always be unalterable. Shifts cannot be accepted so easily.
(D) For this reason, we would not be able to guess the immutable rules that cannot govern Earth as we know it, but as an ideal environment in space.
(E) Consequently, as reality is predictable, we do have the duty of letting people know our discoveries to enhance quicker problem-solving actions.

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: 

• NAS QUESTÕES 21 A 25, ENCONTRAM-SE EM DESTAQUE CINCO TERMOS OU EXPRESSÕES. ASSINALE A ALTERNATIVA CORRESPONDENTE AO TERMO CUJO EMPREGO ESTÁ INCORRETO (INSTITUTO MILITAR DE ENGENHARIA – IME – 2015):

21 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016)

Ben & Jerry's asked his customers to invent their new varieties of ice cream flavors – the submitters of the best flavors were given a trip to the Dominican Republic to see a sustainable fair trade cocoa farm. LG similarly used crowdsourcing to develop a new mobile phone, for a reward of $20,000.

(A) his
(B) submitters
(C) given
(D) sustainable
(E) for

      Comentários e Gabarito    A  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: 

22 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016)

At every stage, Mr. Keating, a 26-year-old doctoral student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Media Lab, has pushed and prodded to get his medical information, collecting an estimated 70 gigabytes of his own patient data by now. His case points to what medical experts say could be gained if patients have had full and easier access to their medical information. Betterinformed patients, they say, are more likely to take better care of themselves.

(A) has pushed
(B) collecting
(C) what
(D) have had
(E) likely

      Comentários e Gabarito    D  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: 

23 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016)

As observed in the unique orbits of cosmic dust particles, at small length scales, environmental forces such as solar pressure and the Loretz force can compete with gravity so significantly accelerate a body in space. We propose to employ recent advances in nanofabrication to create a new category of extremely small, low-cost, expendable spacecraft which capitalize on this scaling to enable propellantless propulsion. Such devices could open up new spacecraft mission opportunities, including distributed sensing, scientific research, exploration, and in-orbit inspection of larger satellites.

(A) unique
(B) so
(C) We
(D) scaling
(E) in-orbit

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: 

24 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016)

One of the challenges in lab safety is that the lab setting becomes very familiar to people who work in it day in and day out. "When you do something over and over, your perception of the risk may change even though the risk itself doesn’t change,” says Lawrence M. Gibbs, associate vice provost for EH&S at Stanford. His department tries to use information about incidents to remember researchers not to get too comfortable. In that way, hopefully something positive can come out of Sangji’s death. “It was a tragic, tragic incident,” Gibbs says. “We all have to learn from it and use it as reinforcement to help people understand the potential risks of working with high-hazard materials in this environment.

(A) becomes
(B) itself
(C) remember
(D) not to
(E) working

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

25 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2015/2016)

Since visiting the injured military men and women at Headley Court, Mr Simpson established the On Course Foundation, a military charity that supports the recovery of wounded, injured and sick service personal through golf tuition and jobs in the golf industry.
(A) visiting
(B) On
(C) charity
(D) personal
(E) industry 

      Comentários e Gabarito    D  

TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

>> 2ª PARTE DA PROVA(Discursiva): PRODUÇÕES DE TEXTO

>> TEMA 1:

• "Climate change is not a far-off problem. It is happening now and is having very real consequences on people’s lives. Climate change is disrupting national economies, costing us dearly today and even more tomorrow. But ..."
• As alterações climáticas não são um problema distante. Está a acontecer agora e a ter consequências muito reais na vida das pessoas. As alterações climáticas estão a perturbar as economias nacionais, custando-nos caro hoje e ainda mais amanhã. Mas ...

>> TEMA 1: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement.

• "Technology can help a country's defense capability."
• A tecnologia pode ajudar a capacidade de defesa de um país.

Support your answer.