UFGD–MS–2023–COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION, ANSWERS & LEXICAL APPROACH.

www.inglesparaconcursos.blog.br

❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA: UFGD/MS-VESTIBULAR-2023.

https://portal.ufgd.edu.br

❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:

• 05 MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions) / 5 Options Each Question.

01 – (UFGD/MS-VESTIBULAR-2023)

How do we know the world is getting warmer?

Our planet has been warming rapidly since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution.

The average temperature at the Earth's surface has risen about 1.1C since 1850. Furthermore, each of the last four decades has been warmer than any that preceded it, since the middle of the 19th Century.

These conclusions come from analyses of millions of measurements gathered in different parts of the world. The temperature readings are collected by weather stations on land, on ships and by satellites.

Multiple independent teams of scientists have reached the same result – a spike in temperatures coinciding with the onset of the industrial era. Scientists can reconstruct temperature fluctuations even further back in time. Tree rings, ice cores, lake sediments and corals all record a signature of the past climate.

This provides much-needed context to the current phase of warming. In fact, scientists estimate the Earth hasn't been this hot for about 125,000 years.

How do we know humans are responsible for global warming?

Greenhouse gases - which trap the Sun's heat - are the crucial link between temperature rise and human activities. The most important is carbon dioxide (CO2), because of its abundance in the atmosphere.

We can also tell it's CO2 trapping the Sun's energy. Satellites show less heat from the Earth escaping into space at precisely the wavelengths at which CO2 absorbs radiated energy.

Burning fossil fuels and chopping down trees lead to the release of this greenhouse gas. Both activities exploded after the 19th Century, so it's unsurprising that atmospheric CO2 increased over the same period.

There's a way we can show definitively where this extra CO2 came from. The carbon produced by burning fossil fuels has a distinctive chemical signature.

Available in: https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-58954530. Access in: 17 Aug. 2022.

According to the text, which of the statements show the correct answer for the question: “How do you know the world is getting warmer?”

(A) Our planet has been warming rapidly since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution.

(B) The temperature readings are collected by weather stations on land, on ships and by satellites. Multiple independent teams of scientists have reached the same result.

(C) There's a way we can show definitively where this extra CO2 came from.

(D) In fact, scientists estimate the Earth hasn't been this hot for about 125,000 years.

(E) Furthermore, each of the last four decades has been warmer than any that preceded it, since the middle of the 19th Century.

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

According to the text, which of the statements show the correct answer for the question: “How do you know the world is getting warmer?”

De acordo com o texto, quais das afirmações apresentam a resposta correta para a pergunta: “Como você sabe que o mundo está esquentando?”

(A) Our planet has been warming rapidly since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution. Nosso planeta vem aquecendo rapidamente desde o início da Revolução Industrial.

(B) The temperature readings are collected by weather stations on land, on ships and by satellites. Multiple independent teams of scientists have reached the same result. As leituras de temperatura são coletadas por estações meteorológicas em terra, em navios e por satélites. Várias equipes independentes de cientistas chegaram ao mesmo resultado.

(C) There's a way we can show definitively where this extra CO2 came from. Há uma maneira de mostrarmos definitivamente de onde veio esse CO2 extra.

(D) In fact, scientists estimate the Earth hasn't been this hot for about 125,000 years. Na verdade, os cientistas estimam que a Terra não estava tão quente há cerca de 125.000 anos.

(E) Furthermore, each of the last four decades has been warmer than any that preceded it, since the middle of the 19th Century. Além disso, cada uma das últimas quatro décadas foi mais quente do que qualquer outra que a precedeu, desde meados do século XIX.

❑ TRADUÇÃO DO CARTOON:

How do we know the world is getting warmer?

Como sabemos que o mundo está esquentando?

Our planet has been warming rapidly since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution.

Nosso planeta vem aquecendo rapidamente desde o início da Revolução Industrial.

The average temperature at the Earth's surface has risen about 1.1C since 1850.

►A temperatura média na superfície da Terra aumentou cerca de 1,1ºC desde 1850.

Furthermore, each of the last four decades has been warmer than any that preceded it, since the middle of the 19th Century.

►Além disso, cada uma das últimas 4 décadas esteve mais quente do que qualquer outra que a precedeu, desde meados do século XIX.

• the middle of (os meados de).

• has been (esteve)(Present Perfect).

These conclusions come from analyses of millions of measurements gathered in different parts of the world.

►Estas conclusões provêm de análises de milhões de medições recolhidas em diferentes partes do mundo.

The temperature readings are collected by weather stations on land, on ships and by satellites.

►As leituras de temperatura são coletadas por estações meteorológicas em terra, em navios e por satélites.

• weather station (estação meteorológica, estação climática).

Multiple independent teams of scientists have reached the same result – a spike in temperatures coinciding with the onset of the industrial era.

►Várias equipas independentes de cientistas chegaram ao mesmo resultado – um aumento nas temperaturas que coincide com o início da era industrial. 

Scientists can reconstruct temperature fluctuations even further back in time. Tree rings, ice cores, lake sediments and corals all record a signature of the past climate.

►Os cientistas podem reconstruir as flutuações de temperatura ainda mais atrás no tempo. Anéis de árvores, núcleos de gelo, sedimentos lacustres e corais registram uma assinatura do clima passado.

This provides much-needed context to the current phase of warming. In fact, scientists estimate the Earth hasn't been this hot for about 125,000 years.

►Isto fornece o contexto muito necessário para a atual fase de aquecimento. Na verdade, os cientistas estimam que a Terra não estava tão quente há cerca de 125 mil anos.

How do we know humans are responsible for global warming?

►Como sabemos que os humanos são responsáveis pelo aquecimento global?

Greenhouse gases - which trap the Sun's heat - are the crucial link between temperature rise and human activities. 

►Os gases de efeito estufa – que retêm o calor do Sol – são o elo crucial entre o aumento da temperatura e as atividades humanas.

The most important is carbon dioxide (CO2), because of its abundance in the atmosphere.

►O mais importante é o dióxido de carbono (CO2), devido à sua abundância na atmosfera.

We can also tell it's CO2 trapping the Sun's energy.

►Também podemos dizer que é o CO2 que retém a energia do Sol. 

Satellites show less heat from the Earth escaping into space at precisely the wavelengths at which CO2 absorbs radiated energy.

►Os satélites mostram menos calor da Terra escapando para o espaço precisamente nos comprimentos de onda em que o CO2 absorve a energia irradiada.

Burning fossil fuels and chopping down trees lead to the release of this greenhouse gas.

►A queima de combustíveis fósseis e o corte de árvores levam à liberação desse gás de efeito estufa.

Both activities exploded after the 19th Century, so it's unsurprising that atmospheric CO2 increased over the same period.

►Ambas as atividades explodiram após o século XIX, por isso não é surpreendente que o CO2 atmosférico tenha aumentado durante o mesmo período.

There's a way we can show definitively where this extra CO2 came from.

►Há uma maneira de mostrarmos definitivamente de onde veio esse CO2 extra.

The carbon produced by burning fossil fuels has a distinctive chemical signature.

►O carbono produzido pela queima de combustíveis fósseis tem uma assinatura química distinta.

Available in: https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-58954530. Access in: 17 Aug. 2022.

02 – (UFGD/MS-VESTIBULAR-2023)

What is an effective way of getting people to cut down on meat?

A meat tax, or “sin taxes” would be most effective yet almost all government subsidies promote meat consumption. In the UK, the best (1) of how this might work is the tax on the soft drinks industry. It mainly (2) manufacturers reformulating products, and didn’t put the burden on the consumer. A meat tax would mainly incentivise manufacturers to put (3) meat in products (eg, a sausage might have 60% meat instead of 70%) but there is no government appetite for it.

There are many reasons for this, including lobbying from interest groups saying it would (4) the domestic farming sector. Neoliberal governments also have a tendency to believe the market will internalise health and environmental costs if better information is provided, and the government does not want to appear to be a “nanny state”, says Dominic Moran, professor of agricultural and resource economics from the University of Edinburgh. There is also concern the burden of taxes falls disproportionately on lower income groups. “But this isn’t (5) ,” says Moran.

If you make it easier for companies to advertise products that are better for the environment, you expose fewer people to products which are bad for the environment. Good in theory, but it would be really hard to work out what should be regulated because (6) tobacco, eating meat is not all bad for people, it’s just the quantity it is being eaten in. It would also be hard to know what needs to be regulated – would it just be (7) red meat, or chicken too? What about organic?

Available in: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/aug/16/how-can-the-uk-reduce-meat-consumption-and-cut-emissions-aoe?CMP=Share_ AndroidApp_Other. Access in: 16 Aug. 2022 (adapted).

No texto apresentado, foram omitidos sete termos cujas grafias estão contidas nas alternativas a seguir. Assinale a que completa, correta e respectivamente, as lacunas numeradas nele.

(A) 1. evident; 2. involved; 3. less; 4. damage; 5. inevitability; 6. unlike; 7. processed

(B) 1. evidence; 2. involved; 3. less; 4. damage; 5. inevitably; 6. unlike; 7. unprocessed

(C) 1. evidently; 2. involved; 3. lost; 4. damage; 5. inevitable; 6. like; 7. processed

(D) 1. evidence; 2. involved; 3. lost; 4. damage; 5. inevitable; 6. unlike; 7. processed

(E) 1. evidence; 2. involved; 3. less; 4. damage; 5. inevitable; 6. unlike; 7. processed

      Comentários e Gabarito    E  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

(A) 1. evident; 2. involved; 3. less; 4. damage; 5. inevitability; 6. unlike; 7. processed

(B) 1. evidence; 2. involved; 3. less; 4. damage; 5. inevitably; 6. unlike; 7. unprocessed

(C) 1. evidently; 2. involved; 3. lost; 4. damage; 5. inevitable; 6. like; 7. processed

(D) 1. evidence; 2. involved; 3. lost; 4. damage; 5. inevitable; 6. unlike; 7. processed

(E) 1. evidence; 2. involved; 3. less; 4. damage; 5. inevitable; 6. unlike; 7. processed

❑ TRADUÇÃO DO CARTOON:

What is an effective way of getting people to cut down on meat?

Qual é uma forma eficaz de fazer com que as pessoas reduzam o consumo de carne?

A meat tax, or “sin taxes” would be most effective yet almost all government subsidies promote meat consumption.

►Um imposto sobre a carne, ou “impostos sobre o pecado”, seria mais eficaz, mas quase todos os subsídios governamentais promovem o consumo de carne.

In the UK, the best (1) of how this might work is the tax on the soft drinks industry. It mainly (2) manufacturers reformulating products, and didn’t put the burden on the consumer.

►No Reino Unido, a melhor (1) forma de isto funcionar é o imposto sobre a indústria dos refrigerantes. Principalmente (2) os fabricantes reformularam os produtos e não colocaram ônus sobre o consumidor.

A meat tax would mainly incentivise manufacturers to put (3) meat in products (eg, a sausage might have 60% meat instead of 70%) but there is no government appetite for it.

►Um imposto sobre a carne incentivaria principalmente os fabricantes a colocar (3) carne nos produtos (por exemplo, uma salsicha pode ter 60% de carne em vez de 70%), mas não há apetite do governo por ela.

There are many reasons for this, including lobbying from interest groups saying it would (4) the domestic farming sector.

►Há muitas razões para isto, incluindo o lobby de grupos de interesse que afirmam que isso (4) afectaria o sector agrícola nacional.

Neoliberal governments also have a tendency to believe the market will internalise health and environmental costs if better information is provided, and the government does not want to appear to be a “nanny state”, says Dominic Moran, professor of agricultural and resource economics from the University of Edinburgh.

►Os governos neoliberais também tendem a acreditar que o mercado irá internalizar os custos de saúde e ambientais se for fornecida melhor informação, e o governo não quer parecer um “Estado babá”, diz Dominic Moran, professor de economia agrícola e de recursos do Universidade de Edimburgo.

There is also concern the burden of taxes falls disproportionately on lower income groups. “But this isn’t (5) ,” says Moran.

►Há também a preocupação de que a carga fiscal recaia desproporcionalmente sobre os grupos de rendimentos mais baixos. “Mas isso não é (5)”, diz Moran.

If you make it easier for companies to advertise products that are better for the environment, you expose fewer people to products which are bad for the environment.

►Se facilitarmos às empresas a publicidade de produtos que são melhores para o ambiente, exporemos menos pessoas a produtos que são prejudiciais para o ambiente.

Good in theory, but it would be really hard to work out what should be regulated because (6) tobacco, eating meat is not all bad for people, it’s just the quantity it is being eaten in.

►Bom na teoria, mas seria muito difícil definir o que deveria ser regulamentado porque (6) o tabaco e o consumo de carne não são de todo maus para as pessoas, é apenas a quantidade em que é consumido.

It would also be hard to know what needs to be regulated – would it just be (7) red meat, or chicken too? What about organic?

►Também seria difícil saber o que precisa ser regulamentado – seria apenas (7) carne vermelha ou frango também? E quanto aos orgânicos?

03 – (UFGD/MS-VESTIBULAR-2023)

Why does Nature Loss Matter?

Nature is our life-support system. From the fresh air we (1) breathe to the clean water we (2) drink, nature (3) provides the essentials we all rely on for our survival and well-being. And it also holds the key to our (4) prosperity, with millions of livelihoods and much of our economic activity also depending on the natural world. These immense (5) benefits to humanity, estimated to be worth around US$ 125 trillion a year, are only possible if we maintain a rich (6) diversity of wildlife.

Available in: https://explore.panda.org/newdeal?gclid=Cj0KCQjwgO2XBhCaARIsANrW2X0IIHXhC2iCZHBBoQAx6UyJdDDUy2phWYPGlbDTblY7kfNin2Y2GoaAvVGEALw_wcB#why. Access in: 16 Aug. 2022.

De acordo com o texto, assinale a alternativa que indica a classificação correta das palavras destacadas.

(A) The bold words (1) breathe, (2) drink, (3) provides are verb, noun and adjective respectively.

(B) The bold words (4) prosperity, (5) benefits, (6) diversity are noun, noun and adjective respectively.

(C) The bold words (1) breathe and (2) drink are verbs; but (3) provides and (4) prosperity are nouns.

(D) The bold words (5) benefits and (4) prosperity are nouns, but (3) provides and (2) drink are verbs.

(E) The bold words (6) diversity and (4) prosperity are adjectives, but (3) provides and (1) breathe are verbs.

      Comentários e Gabarito    D  

TÓPICOS - CLASSE GRAMATICAL:

De acordo com o texto, assinale a alternativa que indica a classificação correta das palavras destacadas.

(A) The bold words (1) breathe, (2) drink, (3) provides are verb, noun and adjective respectively.

(B) The bold words (4) prosperity, (5) benefits, (6) diversity are noun, noun and adjective respectively.

(C) The bold words (1) breathe and (2) drink are verbs; but (3) provides and (4) prosperity are nouns.

(D) The bold words (5) benefits and (4) prosperity are nouns, but (3) provides and (2) drink are verbs.

(E) The bold words (6) diversity and (4) prosperity are adjectives, but (3) provides and (1) breathe are verbs.

❑ TRADUÇÃO DO CARTOON:

Why does Nature Loss Matter?

Por que perda da natureza é importante?

Nature is our life-support system.

►A natureza é o nosso sistema de suporte à vida.

From the fresh air we (1) breathe to the clean water we (2) drink, nature (3) provides the essentials we all rely on for our survival and well-being.

►Do ar fresco que (1) respiramos à água limpa que (2) bebemos, a natureza (3) fornece os elementos essenciais de que todos dependemos para a nossa sobrevivência e bem-estar.

And it also holds the key to our (4) prosperity, with millions of livelihoods and much of our economic activity also depending on the natural world.

►E também contém a chave para a nossa (4) prosperidade, com milhões de meios de subsistência e grande parte da nossa atividade econômica também dependendo do mundo natural.

These immense (5) benefits to humanity, estimated to be worth around US$ 125 trillion a year, are only possible if we maintain a rich (6) diversity of wildlife.

►Estes imensos (5) benefícios para a humanidade, estimados em cerca de 125 biliões de dólares por ano, só serão possíveis se mantivermos uma rica (6) diversidade de vida selvagem.

04 – (UFGD/MS-VESTIBULAR-2023)

Available in: https://www.rd.com/list/animal-cartoons. Access in: 28 Aug. 2022.

Com base no cartum apresentado, é correto afirmar que

(A) o efeito de humor se dá a partir das palavras “have” e “work”, pois se parte do pressuposto de que cachorros não trabalham.

(B) o efeito de humor se marca pelas palavras “have” e “unemployed”, pois é pelo jogo com tais palavras que se dá a ambiguidade. 

(C) a palavra “work” apresenta duplo sentido, portanto é responsável pelo efeito de humor no texto.

(D) a palavra “unemployed” carrega duplo sentido, isso ocorre devido ao prefixo “un”, o que promove o efeito de humor no texto.

(E) o efeito de humor ocorre devido ao duplo sentido das palavras “work”, “unemployed” and “jokes”.

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  
TÓPICOS - LEITURA DE IMAGEM, SITUAÇÃO POLISSÊMICA, AMBIGUIDADE LEXICAL:

Com base no cartum apresentado, é correto afirmar que

(A) o efeito de humor se dá a partir das palavras “have” e “work”, pois se parte do pressuposto de que cachorros não trabalham.

(B) o efeito de humor se marca pelas palavras “have” e “unemployed”, pois é pelo jogo com tais palavras que se dá a ambiguidade. 

(C) a palavra “work” apresenta duplo sentido, portanto é responsável pelo efeito de humor no texto.

(D) a palavra “unemployed” carrega duplo sentido, isso ocorre devido ao prefixo “un”, o que promove o efeito de humor no texto.

(E) o efeito de humor ocorre devido ao duplo sentido das palavras “work”, “unemployed” and “jokes”.

❑ TRADUÇÃO DO CARTOON:

- I have a few jokes about unemployment dogs ... but none of them work.

►  O verbo polissêmico "WORK que poderá ser traduzido como TRABALHAR se o sujeito for animado mas será provavelmente FUNCIONAR se o sujeito for inanimado: compare The man works (O homem trabalha) com The machine works (A máquina funciona).  

A polissemia é a propriedade da palavra de apresentar significados distintos que só podem ser explicados dentro de um contexto.

►No cartoon o efeito de humor se marca pela sutuação polissêmica dada pelo por "WORK, gerando ambiguidades, veja:

- I have a few jokes about unemployment dogs ... but none of them work.

►Tenho algumas piadas sobre cães desempregados... mas nenhum delas funciona. (CONTEXTO 1 - sujeito "jokes").

►Tenho algumas piadas sobre cães desempregados... mas nenhum deles trabalha. (CONTEXTO 2- sujeito " dogs").

05 – (UFGD/MS-VESTIBULAR-2023)

Read the following statements and choose the sentence that shows an example of passive voice.

(A) In the movie, sharks are portrayed as vengeful creatures who recognize and try to kill individual people.

(B) Now, as Sam mentioned, "Jaws" made many people nervous about swimming in the sea.

(C) George Burgess has spent 40 years studying the cause of shark attacks in his job.

(D) Movie posters appeared in cinemas all over the USA with the now notorious words.

(E) The shark in Jaws had a grudge.

      Comentários e Gabarito    A  
TÓPICOS - PASSIVE VOICE (BE+Past Participle):

Read the following statements and choose the sentence that shows an example of passive voice.

(A) In the movie, sharks are portrayed as vengeful creatures who recognize and try to kill individual people. 

(B) Now, as Sam mentioned, "Jaws" made many people nervous about swimming in the sea. (Past Simple na voz ativa)

(C) George Burgess has spent 40 years studying the cause of shark attacks in his job. (Present Perfect na voz ativa)

(D) Movie posters appeared in cinemas all over the USA with the now notorious words. (Past Simple na voz ativa)

(E) The shark in Jaws had a grudge. (Past Simple na voz ativa)

 teste

UFGD–MS–2024–COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION, ANSWERS & LEXICAL APPROACH.

www.inglesparaconcursos.blog.br

❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA: UFGD/MS-VESTIBULAR-2024.

https://portal.ufgd.edu.br

❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:

• 05 MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions) / 5 Options Each Question.

01 – (UFGD/MS-VESTIBULAR-2024)

What is mindful eating?

Mindfulness is the practice of being present in the moment, and observing the inputs flooding your senses. At meal time: "Think about how the food looks, how it tastes and smells. What's the texture? What memories does it bring up? How does it make you feel?" Burton Murray asks. By being mindful at meals, you'll slow the eating process, pay more attention to your body's hunger and fullness cues, and perhaps avoid overeating. "It makes you take a step back and make decisions about what you're eating, rather than just going through the automatic process of see food, take food, eat food," Burton Murray says.

Set yourself up for success in being mindful when you eat by: Removing distractions. Turn off phones, TVs, and computers. Eat in a peaceful, uncluttered space.

Pacing yourself for a 20-minute meal. Chew your food slowly and put your fork down between bites.

Disponible in: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/overeating-mindfulness-exercises-may-help-202203282714. Access in: May, 15 2023 (adapted).

Choose the correct alternative.

(A) The words “Notice”, “Observe”, “Feel”, “Taste”, “Enjoy” are verbs that show how people shouldn’t eat, especially if they are on a diet.

(B) The words mindful and mindfulness are adjectives that mean in the text “a way of improving your mental state that involves paying close attention to everything that you are experiencing”.

(C) The verbs notice, observe, feel, taste, enjoy are related to “Think about how the food looks, how it tastes and smells. What's the texture? What memories does it bring up? How does it make you feel?"

(D) The advices: “Removing distractions. Turn off phones, TVs, and computers. Eat in a peaceful, uncluttered space” are impossible to follow in the modern life.

(E) “Chew your food “slowly” and put your fork down between bites”. The adjective “slowly” has an important meaning because it represents how people should eat. 

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

Choose the correct alternative.

(A) The words “Notice”, “Observe”, “Feel”, “Taste”, “Enjoy” are verbs that show how people shouldn’t eat, especially if they are on a diet.  As palavras “Note”, “Observe”, “Sinta”, “Prove”, “Aproveite” são verbos que mostram como as pessoas não devem comer, principalmente se estiverem de dieta.

(B) The words mindful and mindfulness are adjectives that mean in the text “a way of improving your mental state that involves paying close attention to everything that you are experiencing”. As palavras mindful e mindfulness são adjetivos que significam no texto “uma forma de melhorar seu estado mental que envolve prestar muita atenção a tudo o que você está vivenciando”.

(C) The verbs notice, observe, feel, taste, enjoy are related to “Think about how the food looks, how it tastes and smells. What's the texture? What memories does it bring up? How does it make you feel?" Os verbos notar, observar, sentir, saborear, desfrutar estão relacionados a “Pense na aparência da comida, no gosto e no cheiro dela. Qual é a textura? Que memórias isso traz à tona? Como isso faz você se sentir?"

(D) The advices: “Removing distractions. Turn off phones, TVs, and computers. Eat in a peaceful, uncluttered space” are impossible to follow in the modern life. Os conselhos: “Remova as distrações. Desligue os telefones, TVs e computadores. Coma em um espaço tranquilo e organizado” são impossíveis de seguir na vida moderna.

(E) “Chew your food “slowly” and put your fork down between bites”. The adjective “slowly” has an important meaning because it represents how people should eat. “Mastigue a comida “devagar” e pouse o garfo entre as mordidas”. O adjetivo “devagar” tem um significado importante porque representa como as pessoas devem comer.

❑TRADUÇÃO DO TEXTO:

What is mindful eating?

O que é alimentação consciente?

Mindfulness is the practice of being present in the moment, and observing the inputs flooding your senses.

►Mindfulness é a prática de estar presente no momento e observar as informações que inundam seus sentidos.

►Mindfulness(atenção plena, vigilância, consciência plena).

At meal time: "Think about how the food looks, how it tastes and smells.

►Na hora da refeição: "Pense na aparência, no sabor e no cheiro da comida.

What's the texture? What memories does it bring up? How does it make you feel?" Burton Murray asks.

►Qual é a textura? Que lembranças ela traz à tona? Como você se sente?" Burton Murray pergunta.

►to bring up(trazer à tona, exteriorizar-se, aparecer, manifestar-se).

By being mindful at meals, you'll slow the eating process, pay more attention to your body's hunger and fullness cues, and perhaps avoid overeating.

►Ao estar atento às refeições, você retardará o processo de alimentação, prestará mais atenção aos sinais de fome e saciedade do seu corpo e talvez evitará comilança.

►overeating(comer demais, comer em excesso, comilança).

►fullness(saciedade. plenitude, totalidade).

"It makes you take a step back and make decisions about what you're eating, rather than just going through the automatic process of see food, take food, eat food," Burton Murray says.

►“Isso faz você dar um passo para trás e tomar decisões sobre o que está comendo, em vez de apenas passar pelo processo automático de ver a comida, comer, comer”, diz Burton Murray.

►make decisions about (tomar decisões sobre).

Set yourself up for success in being mindful when you eat by: Removing distractions.

►Prepare-se para ter sucesso em estar atento ao comer: Removendo distrações. 

Turn off phones, TVs, and computers.

►Desligue telefones, TVs e computadores.

Eat in a peaceful, uncluttered space.

►Coma em um espaço tranquilo e organizado.

►uncluttered (organizado. minimalista)

Pacing yourself for a 20-minute meal.

Prepare-se para uma refeição de 20 minutos.

Chew your food slowly and put your fork down between bites.

Mastigue a comida lentamente e coloque o garfo entre as mordidas.

02 – (UFGD/MS-VESTIBULAR-2024)

The big idea: why we need a new definition of junk food

Ultra-processed products now make up 60% of our diet – and they’re killing us

Strange as it may seem, food has replaced tobacco as the leading cause of early death globally. Each year,more people die in America from illnesses caused by poor diet than were killed fighting in every war in US history combined. In the UK the situation is equally 1. dire. Officially, the health effects of food are entirely due to its nutritional content – the amount of fat, salt, sugar and fibre it contains. The current system leaves it up to you to read the detailed information on the pack and decide how much to eat based on recommended values, and if you have children, you’ll need to know the values for them too. This is nigh-on impossible for most people – but even if you were able to calculate exactly how much fat, salt and sugar you were consuming in each 2. mouthful, you would still be neglecting one vital determinant of health – how the food was processed. You might feel like you’ve heard all this before. People have expressed concern about “processed food” for a long time, but it’s not always been an easy concept to 3. pin down. After all, we have been processing food for hundreds of thousands of years. The human diet was invented by primarily female domestic scientists who modified plants and animals by milling, shaking, pounding and grinding them, or altering them via fermentation and heat, before salting, smoking and drying them for preservation. Food processing has shaped almost every aspect of our bodies: we have the shortest guts of any animal our size because part of their job is outsourced to our kitchens. We are the only animal that must process its food to survive. Processing is fine.

But just over a decade ago a team of scientists in Brazil noticed a 4. paradox in the data from their national nutrition surveys. Obesity had gone from being rare, to being the country’s dominant public health problem – even though people were buying less oil and sugar. What theywere eating more of was industrially processed food: biscuits, emulsified breads, confectionary and so on. The team developed a definition that distinguished between traditional food, whole or processed, and these items, which they termed ultra processed foods, or UPFs for short. 

Disponible in: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/may/15/the-big-idea-why-we-need-a-new-definition-of-junk-food. Access in: May, 15 2023 (adapted).

Choose the alternative whose bold words have similar meanings in the sentences.

(A) 1. dire: terrible; 2. mouthful: an amount of food that you put into your mouth; 3. pin down: to understand, describe; 4. paradox: the statement that seems impossible because it contains two opposing ideas.

(B) 1. dire: terrible; 2. mouthful: an amount of food that you put into your mouth; 3. pin down: force someone to be specific and make the intentions clear; 4. paradox: the statement that seems impossible because it contains two opposing ideas.

(C) 1. dire: serious; 2. mouthful: an amount of food that you put into your mouth; 3. pin down: to understand, describe; 4. paradox: unkind joke or to show that you are annoyed.

(D) 1. dire: serious; 2. mouthful: an amount of food that you put into your mouth; 3. pin down: a piece of metal with a sharp point at one end; 4. paradox: the statement that seems impossible because it contains two opposing ideas.

(E) 1. dire: terrible; 2. mouthful: an illness that someone has in the mouth; 3. pin down: to understand, describe; 4. paradox: the statement that seems impossible because it contains two opposing ideas.

      Comentários e Gabarito    A  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

Choose the alternative whose bold words have similar meanings in the sentences.

(A) 1. dire: terrible; 2. mouthful: an amount of food that you put into your mouth; 3. pin down: to understand, describe; 4. paradox: the statement that seems impossible because it contains two opposing ideas.

(B) 1. dire: terrible; 2. mouthful: an amount of food that you put into your mouth; 3. pin down: force someone to be specific and make the intentions clear; 4. paradox: the statement that seems impossible because it contains two opposing ideas.

(C) 1. dire: serious; 2. mouthful: an amount of food that you put into your mouth; 3. pin down: to understand, describe; 4. paradox: unkind joke or to show that you are annoyed.

(D) 1. dire: serious; 2. mouthful: an amount of food that you put into your mouth; 3. pin down: a piece of metal with a sharp point at one end; 4. paradox: the statement that seems impossible because it contains two opposing ideas.

(E) 1. dire: terrible; 2. mouthful: an illness that someone has in the mouth; 3. pin down: to understand, describe; 4. paradox: the statement that seems impossible because it contains two opposing ideas.

❑TRADUÇÃO DO TEXTO:

The big idea: why we need a new definition of junk food

A grande ideia: por que precisamos de uma nova definição de junk food

Ultra-processed products now make up 60% of our diet – and they’re killing us

Os produtos ultraprocessados representam agora 60% da nossa dieta – e estão nos matando

Strange as it may seem, food has replaced tobacco as the leading cause of early death globally.

►Por mais estranho que possa parecer, os alimentos substituíram o tabaco como a principal causa de morte precoce em todo o mundo. 

Each year, more people die in America from illnesses caused by poor diet than were killed fighting in every war in US history combined.

►Todos os anos, mais pessoas morrem na América devido a doenças causadas por uma alimentação inadequada do que as que morreram lutando em todas as guerras da história dos EUA juntas. 

In the UK the situation is equally 1. dire.

►No Reino Unido a situação é igualmente 1. terrível.

Officially, the health effects of food are entirely due to its nutritional content – the amount of fat, salt, sugar and fibre it contains.

►Oficialmente, os efeitos dos alimentos na saúde devem-se inteiramente ao seu conteúdo nutricional – a quantidade de gordura, sal, açúcar e fibras que contém.

The current system leaves it up to you to read the detailed information on the pack and decide how much to eat based on recommended values, and if you have children, you’ll need to know the values for them too.

►O sistema atual deixa a seu critério a leitura das informações detalhadas da embalagem e a decisão de quanto comer com base nos valores recomendados, e se você tem filhos, também precisará saber os valores para elas. 

This is nigh-on impossible for most people – but even if you were able to calculate exactly how much fat, salt and sugar you were consuming in each 2. mouthful, you would still be neglecting one vital determinant of health – how the food was processed.

►Isto é quase impossível para a maioria das pessoas – mas mesmo se você fosse capaz de calcular exatamente quanta gordura, sal e açúcar você consome em cada 2 garfadas, você ainda estaria negligenciando um determinante vital da saúde – como a comida era processado. 

You might feel like you’ve heard all this before.

►Talvez você ache que já ouviu tudo isso antes.

People have expressed concern about “processed food” for a long time, but it’s not always been an easy concept to 3. pin down.

As pessoas expressam preocupação com “alimentos processados” há muito tempo, mas nem sempre foi um conceito fácil de 3. definir.

After all, we have been processing food for hundreds of thousands of years.

►Afinal, processamos alimentos há centenas de milhares de anos.

►"have been processing" estrutura verbal (Present Perfect Continous) indicativa de uma ação que vem se repetindo e ainda está acontecendo.

The human diet was invented by primarily female domestic scientists who modified plants and animals by milling, shaking, pounding and grinding them, or altering them via fermentation and heat, before salting, smoking and drying them for preservation.

►A dieta humana foi inventada principalmente por mulheres cientistas domésticas que modificaram plantas e animais moendo-os, agitando-os, triturando-os e triturando-os, ou alterando-os através de fermentação e calor, antes de os salgarem, fumarem e secarem para preservação.

Food processing has shaped almost every aspect of our bodies: we have the shortest guts of any animal our size because part of their job is outsourced to our kitchens.

►O processamento de alimentos moldou quase todos os aspectos do nosso corpo: temos as tripas mais curtas de qualquer animal do nosso tamanho porque parte do seu trabalho é terceirizado para as nossas cozinhas.

We are the only animal that must process its food to survive. Processing is fine.

►Somos o único animal que precisa processar sua comida para sobreviver. O processamento está bom.

But just over a decade ago a team of scientists in Brazil noticed a 4. paradox in the data from their national nutrition surveys.

►Mas há pouco mais de uma década, uma equipe de cientistas no Brasil notou um 4. paradoxo nos dados das seus pesquisas nacionais sobre nutrição.

Obesity had gone from being rare, to being the country’s dominant public health problem – even though people were buying less oil and sugar.

►obesidade deixou de ser rara e passou a ser o problema de saúde pública dominante no país – embora as pessoas comprassem menos petróleo e açúcar. 

What theywere eating more of was industrially processed food: biscuits, emulsified breads, confectionary and so on.

►O que comiam mais eram alimentos processados industrialmente: biscoitos, pães emulsionados, confeitos e assim por diante. 

The team developed a definition that distinguished between traditional food, whole or processed, and these items, which they termed ultra processed foods, or UPFs for short.

►A equipe desenvolveu uma definição que distinguia entre alimentos tradicionais, integrais ou processados, e esses itens, que eles denominaram alimentos ultraprocessados, ou UPFs, para abreviar. 

03 – (UFGD/MS-VESTIBULAR-2024)

Disponible in: https://www.google.com/search?q=cartum+animais+em+ingles&tbm. Access in: May, 24 2023.

Which of the following statement best expresses the information presented in the cartoon?

(A) Students are in the classroom using their mobiles and one student shows that he is very nervous because

he doesn’t understand the teacher’s explanation.

(B) The expression “If you can’t beat ‘em” means the teacher is using the mobile in his classroom as methodology

because the students use to be in classroom with their phone and the teacher doesn’t have their attention

if he uses the traditional methodology.

(C) The cartoon critics the teacher’s methodology who is using his phone in class to solve his private problems.

(D) The expression “If you can’t beat ‘em” means you cannot be as successful as other people without doing

what they do”, but in the cartoon the meaning is the opposite.

(E) All the students are very happy because they can use their phone in classroom without being punished.

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  
TÓPICOS - LEITURA DE IMAGEM, VOCABULÁRIO & IDENTIFICAÇÃO DA MENSAGEM IMPLÍCITA:

Which of the following statement best expresses the information presented in the cartoon?

Qual das afirmações a seguir expressa melhor as informações apresentadas no cartoon?

(A) Students are in the classroom using their mobiles and one student shows that he is very nervous because he doesn’t understand the teacher’s explanation. Os alunos estão na sala de aula usando seus celulares e um aluno mostra que está muito nervoso porque ele não entende a explicação do professor.

(B) The expression “If you can’t beat ‘em” means the teacher is using the mobile in his classroom as methodology because the students use to be in classroom with their phone and the teacher doesn’t have their attention if he uses the traditional methodology. A expressão “Se você não consegue vencê-los” significa que o professor está usando o celular em sua sala de aula como metodologia porque os alunos costumam estar na sala de aula com o telefone e o professor não tem a atenção deles se usar a metodologia tradicional.

(C) The cartoon critics the teacher’s methodology who is using his phone in class to solve his private problems. O cartoon critica a metodologia do professor que usa o telefone nas aulas para resolver seus problemas particulares.

(D) The expression “If you can’t beat ‘em” means you cannot be as successful as other people without doing what they do”, but in the cartoon the meaning is the opposite. A expressão “Se você não consegue vencê-los” significa que você não pode ter tanto sucesso quanto as outras pessoas sem fazer o que elas fazem”, mas no cartoon o significado é o oposto.

(E) All the students are very happy because they can use their phone in classroom without being punished. Todos os alunos ficam muito felizes porque podem usar o celular na sala de aula sem serem punidos.

04 – (UFGD/MS-VESTIBULAR-2024)

Africa's Greatest Freedom Symbol

Son of a chief, Nelson Mandela studied law and became one of South Africa's first black lawyers. Early in the 1950s he was elected leader of the youth wing of the ANC (African National Congress) liberation movement. When the country's white minority government prohibited the ANC in 1960, Mandela became convinced that armed struggle was inevitable. Inspired by the guerrilla wars in Algeria and Cuba, he organized a military underground movement that engaged in sabotage. In 1962 he was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment for high treason and conspiracy against the state.

From 1964 to 1982 he was confined to the notorious prison island Robben Island, together with several other resistance leaders. He was then moved to prison on the mainland until his release in 1990. During his imprisonment, Mandela became a rallying point for South Africa's oppressed, and the world's most famous political prisoner.

Nelson Mandela shared the Peace Prize with the man who had released him, President Frederik Willem de Klerk, because they had agreed on a peaceful transition to majority rule.

Disponible in: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1993/mandela/facts/. Access in: May, 24 2023 (adapted).

Choose the best translation for the statement.

I - Son of a chief, Nelson Mandela studied law and became one of south Africa’s first black lawyers.

II - In 1962 he was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment for high treason and conspiracy against the state.

III - From 1964 to 1982 he was confined to the notorious prison island Robben Island, together with several other resistance leaders.

(A) A sentença I pode ser traduzida por “filho de um chefe de cozinha renomado, Nelson Mandela estudou Direito e se tornou um dos primeiros advogados negros do sul da África”.

(B) A sentença II pode ser traduzida por “em 1962 ele foi preso e sentenciado a viver aprisionado por ter roubado o tesouro do governo e conspirado contra ele”.

(C) A sentença III pode ser traduzida por “de 1964 a 1982 ele ficou em greve de fome na renomada prisão ‘Robben Island’, junto com vários outros líderes da resistência”.

(D) A sentença I pode ser traduzida por “filho de um renomado xerife, Nelson Mandela estudou Direito e se tornou um dos primeiros advogados negros do sul da África.

(E) A sentença II pode ser traduzida por “Em 1962 ele foi preso e sentenciado à prisão perpétua por alta traição e conspiração contra o Estado”.

      Comentários e Gabarito    E  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

(A) A sentença I pode ser traduzida por “filho de um chefe de cozinha renomado, Nelson Mandela estudou Direito e se tornou um dos primeiros advogados negros do sul da África”.

(B) A sentença II pode ser traduzida por “em 1962 ele foi preso e sentenciado a viver aprisionado por ter roubado o tesouro do governo e conspirado contra ele”.

(C) A sentença III pode ser traduzida por “de 1964 a 1982 ele ficou em greve de fome na renomada prisão ‘Robben Island’, junto com vários outros líderes da resistência”.

(D) A sentença I pode ser traduzida por “filho de um renomado xerife, Nelson Mandela estudou Direito e se tornou um dos primeiros advogados negros do sul da África.

(E) A sentença II pode ser traduzida por “Em 1962 ele foi preso e sentenciado à prisão perpétua por alta traição e conspiração contra o Estado”.

I - Son of a chief, Nelson Mandela studied law and became one of south Africa’s first black lawyers. Filho de um chefe, Nelson Mandela estudou Direito e tornou-se um dos primeiros advogados negros da África do Sul.

II - In 1962 he was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment for high treason and conspiracy against the state. Em 1962 foi preso e sentenciado à prisão perpétua por alta traição e conspiração contra o Estado.

►life imprisonment (prisão perpétua).

III - From 1964 to 1982 he was confined to the notorious prison island Robben Island, together with several other resistance leaders. De 1964 a 1982 esteve confinado na famosa ilha-prisão Robben Island, juntamente com vários outros líderes da resistência.

❑TRADUÇÃO DO TEXTO:

Africa's Greatest Freedom Symbol

O Maior Símbolo de Liberdade da África

Son of a chief, Nelson Mandela studied law and became one of South Africa's first black lawyers.

Filho de um chefe, Nelson Mandela estudou Direito e tornou-se um dos primeiros advogados negros da África do Sul.

Early in the 1950s he was elected leader of the youth wing of the ANC (African National Congress) liberation movement.

No início da década de 1950, foi eleito líder da ala jovem do movimento de libertação do ANC (Congresso Nacional Africano).

When the country's white minority government prohibited the ANC in 1960, Mandela became convinced that armed struggle was inevitable.

Quando o governo da minoria branca do país proibiu o ANC em 1960, Mandela convenceu-se de que a luta armada era inevitável.

Inspired by the guerrilla wars in Algeria and Cuba, he organized a military underground movement that engaged in sabotage.

Inspirado pelas guerras de guerrilha na Argélia e em Cuba, ele organizou um movimento militar clandestino que se envolveu em sabotagem. 

In 1962 he was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment for high treason and conspiracy against the state.

Em 1962 ele foi preso e sentenciado à prisão perpétua por alta traição e conspiração contra o Estado.

From 1964 to 1982 he was confined to the notorious prison island Robben Island, together with several other resistance leaders.

De 1964 a 1982, esteve confinado na famosa ilha-prisão Robben Island, juntamente com vários outros líderes da resistência.

He was then moved to prison on the mainland until his release in 1990.

Foi então transferido para uma prisão no continente até à sua libertação em 1990. 

During his imprisonment, Mandela became a rallying point for South Africa's oppressed, and the world's most famous political prisoner.

Durante a sua prisão, Mandela tornou-se um ponto de encontro para os oprimidos da África do Sul e o prisioneiro político mais famoso do mundo.

Nelson Mandela shared the Peace Prize with the man who had released him, President Frederik Willem de Klerk, because they had agreed on a peaceful transition to majority rule.

Nelson Mandela partilhou o Prémio da Paz com o homem que o libertou, o Presidente Frederik Willem de Klerk, porque tinham concordado numa transição pacífica para um governo maioritário.

05 – (UFGD/MS-VESTIBULAR-2024)

Strategy I

In Eating Mindfully, Susan Albers recommends starting with one mealtime: breakfast, lunch, or dinner.

Choose a specific location to eat, such as your table or the lunchroom at work. Sit quietly. Don't get up, and don't answer the phone. Have all the food you intend to eat on the table in front of you before starting. To be mindful you must give your full attention to your eating. You must focus on the process of eating and enjoying your meal.

Strategy II

Susan Albers suggests that one way to slow down the process of eating is to challenge the way you have always done it.

For example, try eating using a pair of chopsticks instead of your customary utensils. This will force you to take smaller portions, eat more slowly, and look at your food more closely. Other strategies include eating with your non-dominant hand, chewing your food 30 to 50 times per bite, or trying to make the portion of food you've taken for the meal last 20 minutes.

Observe the sensation of picking up the food and placing it in your mouth.

Disponible in: https://www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/what-experts-recommend-healthy-eating#. Access in: May, 24 2023 (adapted).

Choose the correct statement about the text.

(A) Susan Alberts brings the information that nowadays adults, kids and teenagers are distracted by mobile, screens, internet, and they are eating a lot of junk food. Susan Alberts makes some recommendations for parents to help their kids too.

(B) The suggestion made by Susan Alberts is impossible to follow because people who lives in big cities don’t have time to sit quietly and don’t be distracted by phones or other devices.

(C) The words “recommends” and “suggests” found in the strategy I and strategy II show that Susan Alberts advices how eating mindfully. The strategies aren’t an obligation.

(D) The suggestion “try eating using a pair of chopsticks instead of your customary utensils” isn’t the best advice if we consider the lifestyle of the world today.

(E) Others recommendations made by Susan Alberts emphasize the importance to be alone, far from the others members of our family while you are eating.

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

Choose the correct statement about the text.

(A) Susan Alberts brings the information that nowadays adults, kids and teenagers are distracted by mobile, screens, internet, and they are eating a lot of junk food. Susan Alberts makes some recommendations for parents to help their kids too. Susan Alberts traz a informação de que hoje em dia adultos, crianças e adolescentes se distraem com celulares, telas, internet e comem muita junk food. Susan Alberts faz algumas recomendações para os pais ajudarem também os filhos.

(B) The suggestion made by Susan Alberts is impossible to follow because people who lives in big cities don’t have time to sit quietly and don’t be distracted by phones or other devices. A sugestão feita por Susan Alberts é impossível de seguir porque as pessoas que vivem nas grandes cidades não têm tempo para ficar sentadas quietas e não se distraem com telefones ou outros dispositivos.

(C) The words “recommends” and “suggests” found in the strategy I and strategy II show that Susan Alberts advices how eating mindfully. The strategies aren’t an obligation. As palavras “recomenda” e “sugere” encontradas na estratégia I e na estratégia II mostram que Susan Alberts aconselha como comer com atenção. As estratégias não são uma obrigação.

(D) The suggestion “try eating using a pair of chopsticks instead of your customary utensils” isn’t the best advice if we consider the lifestyle of the world today. A sugestão “experimente comer usando um par de pauzinhos em vez dos utensílios habituais” não é o melhor conselho se considerarmos o estilo de vida do mundo hoje.

(E) Others recommendations made by Susan Alberts emphasize the importance to be alone, far from the others members of our family while you are eating. Outras recomendações feitas por Susan Alberts enfatizam a importância de estar sozinho, longe dos demais membros da família enquanto se come.

❑TRADUÇÃO DO TEXTO:

Strategy I Estratégia I

In Eating Mindfully, Susan Albers recommends starting with one mealtime: breakfast, lunch, or dinner.

►Em Eating Mindfulness, Susan Albers recomenda começar com uma refeição: café da manhã, almoço ou jantar.

Choose a specific location to eat, such as your table or the lunchroom at work. Sit quietly.

►Escolha um local específico para comer, como a sua mesa ou o refeitório do trabalho. Sente-se silenciosamente.

Don't get up, and don't answer the phone.

►Não se levante e não atenda o telefone.

Have all the food you intend to eat on the table in front of you before starting.

►Coloque todos os alimentos que pretende comer na mesa à sua frente antes de começar.

To be mindful you must give your full attention to your eating.

►Tenha em mente que você deve dar toda a atenção à sua alimentação.

►To be mindful (Tenha em mente que)

You must focus on the process of eating and enjoying your meal.

►Você deve se concentrar no processo de comer e saborear sua refeição.

Strategy II Estratégia II

Susan Albers suggests that one way to slow down the process of eating is to challenge the way you have always done it.

►Susan Albers sugere que uma maneira de desacelerar o processo de comer é desafiar a maneira como você sempre fez isso.

For example, try eating using a pair of chopsticks instead of your customary utensils.

►Por exemplo, experimente comer usando um par de pauzinhos em vez dos utensílios habituais. 

This will force you to take smaller portions, eat more slowly, and look at your food more closely.

►Isso forçará você a comer porções menores, comer mais devagar e observar mais de perto a comida.

Other strategies include eating with your non-dominant hand, chewing your food 30 to 50 times per bite, or trying to make the portion of food you've taken for the meal last 20 minutes.

►Outras estratégias incluem comer com a mão não dominante, mastigar a comida 30 a 50 vezes por mordida ou tentar fazer com que a porção de comida que você comeu dure 20 minutos.

Observe the sensation of picking up the food and placing it in your mouth.

►Observe a sensação de pegar o alimento e colocá-lo na boca.

Disponible in: https://www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/what-experts-recommend-healthy-eating#. Access in: May, 24 2023 (adapted).

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