(...)
1
Viva muchos años! is the ordinary greeting in Spain, and
it is usual throughout the whole world to wish people a long life. It
is not a knowledge of what life is that explains the origin of such a wish, but rather knowledge of what man is in his real nature:
namely, the will to live.
2
Each culture’s wordview includes beliefs about the meaning and purpose of life and what happens after death.
Although the final outcome of death is the same for all humans,
cultures vary in how they conceptualize death and what happens when a person dies. In some cultures, death is conceived to involve
different conditions, including sleep, illness, and reaching a certain
age. As an example, the Truskese of Micronesia believe that life ends at 40 years of age, and when you reach 40, you are, in effect,
dead.
3
In other cultures, death is said to occur only when there is a total cessation of life. In a similar manner, certain cultural
traditions view death as a transition to other forms of existence;
others propose a continuous interaction between the dead and the living; some cultures conceive a circular pattern of multiple deaths
and rebirths; and yet others view death as the final end, with
nothing occurring after death. These different conceptions have a noticeable influence on people’s lifestyles, their readiness to die for
a cause, the degree to which they fear death, their expressions of
grief and mourning, and the nature of funeral rituals.
4
The difficulty of having a unitary view of death or the
death experience can be better appreciated when we realize that it
is problematic to even define what we mean by death. The first definition of death in Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged
Dictionary is that it is “the act of dying; the end of life; the total and
permanent cessation of all the vital functions of an animal or plant.” (1989, p.372). This appears straightforward enough, until
we realize that it represents a largely Western conception of death.
However, a relatively global conceptualization of death issues would have to incorporate the many cultural variations that exist in
the world.
Internet: <http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au>(adapted).
(...)
According to the text above, judge the following items.
1 For the majority of people in the world, death involves different
conditions such as sleep, illness and age.
2 The actual meaning and conceptualization of death differ widely
across cultures.
3 Irrespective of how death is defined in each culture, all of them
understand it as a total cessation of life.
4 The word “straightforward” in the fragment “This appears
straightforward enough” (l.31) is synonymous with clear-cut.
5 The knowledge of what man is in his real nature is what explains
his desire to live.
6 Cultural variations in conceptions of death have profound
implications for how people act in life, how they approach death
and dying, whether or not they fear death, and for their funeral and
bereavement practices.
7 As the world is increasingly shrinking due to the complex
interaction among people from cultures across the world,
differences involving conceptions about death are becoming less
significant.
👉 Questão-Item 1-Errada :
For the majority of people in the world, death involves different conditions such as sleep, illness and age.
(Para a maioria das pessoas no mundo, a morte envolve diferentes condições, como sono, doença e idade.)
👉 Questão-Item 2-Correta :
The actual meaning and conceptualization of death differ widely across cultures.
(O verdadeiro significado e conceituação da morte diferem amplamente entre as culturas.)
👉 Questão-Item 3-Errada :
Irrespective of how death is defined in each culture, all of them understand it as a total cessation of life.
(Independentemente de como a morte é definida em cada cultura, todos eles a entendem como uma cessação total da vida.)
👉 Questão-Item 4-Correta :
The word “straightforward” in the fragment “This appears straightforward enough” (l.31) is synonymous with clear-cut.
👉 Questão-Item 5-Correta :
The knowledge of what man is in his real nature is what explains his desire to live.
(O conhecimento do que o homem é em sua verdadeira natureza é o que explica seu desejo de viver.)
👉 Questão-Item 6-Correta :
Cultural variations in conceptions of death have profound implications for how people act in life, how they approach death and dying, whether or not they fear death, and for their funeral and bereavement practices.
(As variações culturais nas concepções de morte têm implicações profundas sobre como as pessoas agem na vida, como abordam a morte e o morrer, se temem ou não a morte e para suas práticas de funeral e luto.)
👉 Questão-Item 7-Errada :
As the world is increasingly shrinking due to the complex interaction among people from cultures across the world, differences involving conceptions about death are becoming less significant.
(Como o mundo está cada vez mais encolhendo devido à interação complexa entre pessoas de culturas de todo o mundo, as diferenças envolvendo concepções sobre a morte estão se tornando menos significativas.)
TEXTO 2:
This text refers to items from 8 through 16.
1
In the second month, the normal human infant
breaks into its first smile. The expression is often
considered as reflex action, but it soon becomes social, and in the fourth month it develops into that explosive,
exclusively human breath pattern called laughter.
2
Laughter makes you feel good. And the good feeling that you get when you laugh remains with you
even after the laughter subsides. Humor helps you
keep a positive, optimistic outlook through difficult situations, disappointments, and loss.
3
More than just a respite from sadness and
pain, laughter gives you the courage and strength to find new sources of meaning and hope. Even in the
most difficult of times, a laugh-or even simply a smilecan go a long way toward making you feel better. And laughter really is contagious-just hearing laughter
primes your brain and readies you to smile and join in
on the fun.
4
Humor is infectious. The sound of roaring
laughter is far more contagious than any cough, sniffle,
or sneeze. When laughter is shared, it binds people together and increases happiness and intimacy. Humor
and playful communication strengthen our
relationships by triggering positive feelings and fostering emotional connection. When we laugh with
one another, a positive bond is created. This bond acts
as a strong buffer against stress, disagreements, and disappointment.
5
In addition to the domino effect of joy and
amusement, laughter also triggers healthy physical changes in the body. Humor and laughter strengthen
your immune system, boost your energy, diminish
pain, and protect you from the damaging effects of stress. Humor lightens your burdens, inspires hopes,
and keeps you grounded.
6
With so much power to heal and renew, the ability to laugh easily and frequently is a tremendous
resource for surmounting problems. To Germany’s
great pessimistic philosopher, Arthur Schopenhauer, laughter was man’s dauntless ally in the battle against
“that strict, untiring, troublesome governess, Reason”.
7
Best of all, this priceless medicine is fun, free, and easy to use.
Internet: <www.time.com>, <www.helpguide.org> (adapted).
(...)
According to the text above, judge the items from 8
through 16.
8 Laughing can be a means to overcome problems.
9 Laughing is solely a pause for relaxation from pains one may suffer.
10 Laughter unites people.
11 Infants begin smiling very early in life.
12 One can learn to laugh at any stage of one’s life thus incorporating humor into the fabric of one’s life.
13 Laughing is a reflex action.
14 The word subside in the fragment “even after the laughter subsides” (l.8) means augment.
15 The word trigger in “by triggering positive feelings” (l.24) is the same as hinder.
16 The word “dauntless” in the fragment “man’s dauntless ally in the battle” (R.40) is synonymous with fearless.
👉 Questão-Item 8-Correta :
Laughing can be a means to overcome problems.
(Rir pode ser um meio de superar problemas.)
👉 Questão-Item 9-Errada :
Laughing is solely a pause for relaxation from pains one may suffer.
(Rir é apenas uma pausa para relaxar das dores que podemos sofrer.)
👉 Questão-Item 10-Correta :
Laughter unites people.
(O riso une as pessoas.)
👉 Questão-Item 11-Correta :
Infants begin smiling very early in life.
(Os bebês começam a sorrir muito cedo na vida.)
👉 Questão-Item 12-Errada :
One can learn to laugh at any stage of one’s life thus incorporating humor into the fabric of one’s life.
(Pode-se aprender a rir em qualquer fase da vida, incorporando, assim, o humor ao tecido da vida.)
👉 Questão-Item 13-Errada :
👉 Questão-Item 14-Errada :
👉 Questão-Item 15-Errada :
👉 Questão-Item 16-Correta :
TEXTO 3:
This text refers to items from 17 through 30.
(...)
6,000 languages: an embattled heritage
1
Are the vast majority of languages doomed to die out in the near future? Specialists reckon that no language can survive
unless 100,000 people speak it. Half of the 6,000 or so languages in the world today are spoken by fewer than 10,000 people and
a quarter by less than 1,000. Only a score are spoken by hundreds of millions of people.
2
The death of language is not a new phenomenon. Since languages diversified, at least 30,000 (some say as many as half
a million) of them have been born and disappeared, often without leaving any trace. Languages usually have a relatively short life
span as well as a very high death rate. Only a few, including Basque, Egyptian, Chinese, Greek, Hebrew, Latin, Persian, Sanskrit and Tamil, have lasted more than 2,000 years.
3
What is new, however, is the speed at which they are dying out. Europe’s colonial conquests caused a sharp decline in
linguistic diversity, eliminating at least 15 per cent of all languages spoken at the time. Over the last 300 years, Europe has lost a dozen, and Australia has only 20 left of the 250 spoken at the end of the 18th century. In Brazil, about 540 (three-quarters of
the total) have died out since Portuguese colonization began in 1530.
4
By making great efforts to establish an official language in education, the media and the civil service, national governments have deliberately tried to eliminate minority languages. This process of linguistic standardization has been boosted
by industrialization and scientific progress, which have imposed new methods of communication that are swift, straightforward
and practical. Language diversity came to be seen as an obstacle to trade and the spread of knowledge.
5
More recently, the internationalization of financial markets, the dissemination of information by electronic media and
other aspects of globalization have intensified the threat to “small” languages. A language that is not on the Internet is a language
that “no longer exists” in the modern world.
6
The rate of language extinction has now reached the unprecedented worldwide level of 10 every year. Some people
predict that 50 to 90 per cent of today’s spoken languages will disappear during this century. Their preservation is an urgent
matter.
7
The 1992 Rio Earth Summit set up machinery to combat shrinking biodiversity. Now, it is time for a Rio summit to tackle
languages. A number of instruments have been adopted, and projects have been launched to safeguard what is now considered
a heritage of humanity. These laws and initiatives may not prevent languages from dying out, but at least they will slow down this process and encourage multilingualism.
Internet: <www.unesco.org>(adapted).
(...)
According to the text above, judge the following items.
17 Language diversity is imperilled.
18 Approximately 6,000 languages are spoken in the world today.
19 The main idea of the text is that language diversity is an obstacle to trade and to the spread of knowledge.
20 By the end of this century, the rate of language extinction will have reached unprecedented levels.
21 According to specialists, languages are condemned to death unless as many as 100,000 people speak them.
22 Given the speed at which languages are dying out, 15 per cent of the languages spoken today will have disappeared in a period
of 300 years.
23 Languages such as Basque and Tamil may disappear in the foreseeable future.
24 The fate of a language depends ultimately on its diversification.
25 The disappearance of minority languages may be accompanied by the emergence of new variants spawned by the diversification
of dominant languages.
26 Ten languages have died out each year all through the world.
27 The word “sharp” in the fragment “caused a sharp decline in linguistic diversity” (l.8-9) is synonymous with progressive.
28 The word “which” in the fragment “which have imposed new methods” refers to “industrialization and scientific progress” (l.14).
29 The word “shrinking” in “to combat shrinking biodiversity” (l.22) is the same as stretching.
30 The verb “to prevent” in the fragment “may not prevent languages from dying out” (l.24) is closest in meaning to incite.
👉 Questão-Item 17-Correta :
Language diversity is imperilled.
👉 Questão-Item 18-Correta :
Approximately 6,000 languages are spoken in the world today.
👉 Questão-Item 19-Errada :
The main idea of the text is that language diversity is an obstacle to trade and to the spread of knowledge.
👉 Questão-Item 20-Errada :
By the end of this century, the rate of language extinction will have reached unprecedented levels.
👉 Questão-Item 21-Correta :
According to specialists, languages are condemned to death unless as many as 100,000 people speak them.
👉 Questão-Item 22-Errada :
Given the speed at which languages are dying out, 15 per cent of the languages spoken today will have disappeared in a period of 300 years.
👉 Questão-Item 23-Errada :
Languages such as Basque and Tamil may disappear in the foreseeable future.
👉 Questão-Item 24-Errada :
The fate of a language depends ultimately on its diversification.
👉 Questão-Item 25-Errada :
The disappearance of minority languages may be accompanied by the emergence of new variants spawned by the diversification of dominant languages.
👉 Questão-Item 26-Errada :
Ten languages have died out each year all through the world.
👉 Questão-Item 27-Errada :
👉 Questão-Item 28-Correta :
The word “which” in the fragment “which have imposed new methods” refers to “industrialization and scientific progress” (l.14).
👉 Questão-Item 29-Errada :
👉 Questão-Item 30-Errada :
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