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❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA: CESGRANRIO-2007-REFAP-NÍVEL SUPERIOR (VÁRIOS CARGOS).
❑ ORGANIZADOR: https://www.cesgranrio.org.br/
❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:
➧ 05 Multiple-Choice Questions | 6 Options Each Question.
➧ Text – REPORT: BIOFUELS POISED TO DISPLACE OIL | www.worldwatch.org |
❑ GABARITO:
01-B, 02-D, 03-D, 04-A, 05-C
❑ PROVA:
➧ TRADUÇÃO REVISADA DO TEXTO (1):
REPORT: BIOFUELS POISED TO DISPLACE OIL
Biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel can significantly reduce global dependence on oil, according to a new report by the Worldwatch Institute.
Last year, world biofuel production surpassed 670,000 barrels per day, the equivalent of about 1 percent of the global transport fuel market. Although oil still accounts for more than 96 percent of transport fuel use, biofuel production has doubled since 2001 and is poised for even stronger growth as the industry responds to higher fuel prices and supportive government policies. “Coordinated action to expand biofuel markets and advance new technologies could relieve pressure on oil prices while strengthening agricultural economies and reducing climatealtering emissions,” says Worldwatch Institute President Christopher Flavin.
Brazil is the world’s biofuel leader, with half of its sugar cane crop providing more than 40 percent of its nondiesel transport fuel. In the United States, where 15 percent of the corn crop provides about 2 percent of the non-diesel transport fuel, ethanol production is growing even more rapidly. This surging growth may allow the U.S. to overtake Brazil as the world’s biofuel leader this year. Both countries are now estimated to be producing ethanol at less than the current cost of gasoline.
Figures cited in the report reveal that biofuels could provide 37 percent of U.S. transport fuel within the next 25 years, and up to 75 percent if automobile fuel economy doubles. Biofuels could replace 20–30 percent of the oil used in European Union countries during the same time frame.
As the first-ever global assessment of the potential social and environmental impacts of biofuels, Biofuels for Transportation warns that the large-scale use of biofuels carries significant agricultural and ecological risks. “It is essential that government incentives be used to minimize competition between food and fuel crops and to discourage expansion onto ecologically valuable lands,” says Worldwatch Biofuels Project Manager Suzanne Hunt. However, the report also finds that biofuels have the potential to increase energy security, create new economic opportunities in rural areas, and reduce local pollution and emissions of greenhouse gases.
The long-term potential of biofuels is in the use of non-food feedstock that include agricultural, municipal, and forestry wastes as well as fast-growing, cellulose-rich energy crops such as switchgrass. It is expected that the combination of cellulosic biomass resources and “nextgeneration” biofuel conversion technologies will compete with conventional gasoline and diesel fuel without subsidies in the medium term.
The report recommends policies to accelerate the development of biofuels, while maximizing the benefits and minimizing the risks. Recommendations include: strengthening the market (i.e. focusing on market development, infrastructure development, and the building of transportation fleets that are able to use the new fuels), speeding the transition to next-generation technologies allowing for dramatically increased production at lower cost, and facilitating sustainable international biofuel trade, developing a true international market unimpeded by the trade restrictions in place today.
Worldwatch Institute-June 7, 2006.
Adapted from:http://www.worldwatch.org/node/4079
RELATÓRIO: RELATÓRIO: BIOCOMBUSTÍVEIS DESTINADOS A DESLOCAR O PETRÓLEO
Os biocombustíveis como o etanol e o biodiesel podem reduzir significativamente a dependência global do petróleo, de acordo com um novo relatório do Worldwatch Institute.
No ano passado, a produção mundial de biocombustíveis ultrapassou os 670.000 barris diários, o equivalente a cerca de 1% do mercado mundial de combustíveis para transporte. Embora o petróleo ainda represente mais de 96% do consumo de combustível nos transportes, a produção de biocombustíveis duplicou desde 2001 e está preparada para um crescimento ainda mais forte, à medida que a indústria responde a preços mais elevados dos combustíveis e a políticas governamentais de apoio. "Uma ação coordenada para expandir os mercados de biocombustíveis e avançar com novas tecnologias poderia aliviar a pressão sobre os preços do petróleo, fortalecendo as economias agrícolas e reduzindo as emissões climáticas", afirma Christopher Flavin, presidente do Worldwatch Institute.
O Brasil é o líder mundial em biocombustíveis, com metade de sua a safra de cana-de-açúcar fornece mais de 40 por cento de seu combustível de transporte não-diesel. Nos Estados Unidos, onde 15% da safra de milho fornece cerca de 2% do combustível de transporte não diesel, a produção de etanol está crescendo ainda mais rapidamente. Esse crescimento acelerado pode permitir que os EUA ultrapassem o Brasil como líder mundial em biocombustíveis este ano. Estima-se que ambos os países estejam produzindo etanol a um preço inferior ao custo atual da gasolina.
Números citados no relatório revelam que os biocombustíveis poderiam fornecer 37 por cento do combustível de transporte dos EUA nos próximos 25 anos, e até 75 por cento se a economia de combustível automóvel dobrar. Os biocombustíveis poderiam substituir 20-30% do petróleo utilizado nos países da União Europeia durante o mesmo período.
Como a primeira avaliação global do potencial impactos sociais e ambientais dos biocombustíveis, a Biofuels for Transportation adverte que o uso em larga escala de biocombustíveis acarreta riscos agrícolas e ecológicos significativos. “É essencial que os incentivos do governo sejam usados para minimizar a competição entre as colheitas de alimentos e combustíveis e para desencorajar a expansão em terras ecologicamente valiosas”, diz Suzanne Hunt, Gerente de Projetos de Biocombustíveis do Worldwatch. No entanto, o relatório também conclui que os biocombustíveis têm potencial para aumentar a segurança energética, criar novas oportunidades econômicas em áreas rurais e reduzir a poluição local e as emissões de gases de efeito estufa.
O potencial de longo prazo dos biocombustíveis está no uso de matérias-primas não alimentares, que incluem resíduos agrícolas, municipais e florestais, bem como culturas energéticas ricas em celulose e de crescimento rápido, como switchgrass. Espera-se que a combinação de recursos de biomassa celulósica e tecnologias de conversão de biocombustíveis de “próxima geração” concorra
com gasolina convencional e óleo diesel sem subsídios no médio prazo.
O relatório recomenda políticas para acelerar o desenvolvimento de biocombustíveis, maximizando os benefícios e minimizando os riscos. As recomendações incluem: fortalecer o mercado (ou seja, focar no desenvolvimento do mercado, desenvolvimento de infraestrutura e construção de frotas de transporte capazes de usar os novos combustíveis), acelerar a transição para tecnologias de próxima geração, permitindo um aumento dramático na produção a um custo menor e facilitando o comércio internacional sustentável de biocombustíveis, desenvolvendo um verdadeiro mercado internacional desimpedido pelas restrições comerciais vigentes hoje.
Worldwatch Institute-7 de junho de 2006.
Adaptado de: http://www.worldwatch.org/node/4079
👉 Questão 09 :
The main purpose of the text is to:
(A) criticize the release of the report Biofuels for Transportation.
(B) highlight the potential of biofuels as substitutes for conventional fuels.
(C) expose the several risks associated with the use of biofuels in transportation.
(D) suggest the elimination of oil as transport fuel to reduce pollution and emissions of greenhouse gases.
(E) warn against the agricultural and ecological damages associated with the production of biofuels.
_____________________________________________________________________________
👍 Comentários e Gabarito B
(A) criticize the release of the report Biofuels for Transportation.
(B) highlight the potential of biofuels as substitutes for conventional fuels.
(C) expose the several risks associated with the use of biofuels in transportation.
(D) suggest the elimination of oil as transport fuel to reduce pollution and emissions of greenhouse gases.
(E) warn against the agricultural and ecological damages associated with the production of biofuels.
_____________________________________________________________________________
👉 Questão 10 :
Based on what Christopher Flavin, President of the Worldwatch Institute, has said, it is possible to state that:
(A) reducing climate-altering emissions ought to relieve pressure on oil prices.
(B) strengthening agricultural economies will naturally increase the environmental impact of oil production.
(C) creating new technologies is an alternative to expanding biofuel markets in an effort to reduce oil prices.
(D) extending the market for biofuels will ultimately reduce the price of oil and improve agricultural economies.
(E) in fighting against higher fuel prices and supportive government polices, the Worldwatch Institute will support the growth of oil production.
_____________________________________________________________________________
👍 Comentários e Gabarito D
(A) reducing climate-altering emissions ought to relieve pressure on oil prices.
(B) strengthening agricultural economies will naturally increase the environmental impact of oil production.
(C) creating new technologies is an alternative to expanding biofuel markets in an effort to reduce oil prices.
(D) extending the market for biofuels will ultimately reduce the price of oil and improve agricultural economies.
(E) in fighting against higher fuel prices and supportive government polices, the Worldwatch Institute will support the growth of oil production.
_____________________________________________________________________________
👉 Questão 11 :
According to the text, Brazil:
(A) actually grows 40% of the sugar cane crop in the world.
(B) currently produces biofuel that costs far more than gasoline.
(C) will eventually lead the world market of non-diesel transport fuel.
(D) competes with the United States for the 2% of non-diesel transport fuel.
(E) will possibly be surpassed by the United States in terms of biofuel production.
_____________________________________________________________________________
👍 Comentários e Gabarito E
(A) actually grows 40% of the sugar cane crop in the world.
(B) currently produces biofuel that costs far more than gasoline.
(C) will eventually lead the world market of non-diesel transport fuel.
(D) competes with the United States for the 2% of non-diesel transport fuel.
(E) will possibly be surpassed by the United States in terms of biofuel production.
_____________________________________________________________________________
👉 Questão 12 :
“This surging growth...” (line 21) refers to:
(A) ethanol production.
(B) sugar cane crop.
(C) corn crop.
(D) gasoline.
(E) diesel.
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👍 Comentários e Gabarito A
(A) ethanol production.
(B) sugar cane crop.
(C) corn crop.
(D) gasoline.
(E) diesel.
_____________________________________________________________________________
👉 Questão 13 :
Some of the benefits of the increase in biofuel production listed by the author are:
(A) increase the profits achieved in agriculture and maximize ecological risks.
(B) boost energy security and hinder next-generation biofuel conversion techniques.
(C) improve the economic potential of rural areas and reduce global dependence on oil.
(D) reduce pollution in rural areas and minimize competition between food and fuel crops.
(E) control emission of greenhouse gases and discourage expansion onto ecologically valuable lands.
_____________________________________________________________________________
👍 Comentários e Gabarito C
(A) increase the profits achieved in agriculture and maximize ecological risks.
(B) boost energy security and hinder next-generation biofuel conversion techniques.
(C) improve the economic potential of rural areas and reduce global dependence on oil.
(D) reduce pollution in rural areas and minimize competition between food and fuel crops.
(E) control emission of greenhouse gases and discourage expansion onto ecologically valuable lands.
_____________________________________________________________________________
👉 Questão 14 :
Check the item in which there is an INCORRECT
correspondence between the idea expressed by the words in bold type and the idea in italics.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito A
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